शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Overpopulation – The Human Explosion Explained - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now.
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Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940,
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3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016.
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The world population increased fourfold in the last century, so what can we expect for the next century?
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And what does population growth mean for our future?
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Will there be mass migration, overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents, diseases and pollution, chaos and violence over energy,
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water and food, and a human species focused only on sustaining itself?
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Will population growth destroy our way of life, or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic?
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In the 1960s, population growth reached an unprecedented rate, which led to apocalyptic prophecies.
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The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world.
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The legend of overpopulation was born.
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But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries,
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but rather part of a four-step process the whole world is going through.
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The demographic transition.
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Most developed countries have already made the transition, while other countries are doing it right now.
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Let's go back to the 18th century, when the entire world, including Europe, was in the first stage of the demographic transition.
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By today's standards, Europe was worse off than a developing region, suffering from poor sanitation, poor diets and poor medicine.
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A lot of people were born, but lots of them died just as fast, so the population hardly grew.
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Women had between four and six children, but only two of them would reach adulthood.
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Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution.
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People went from being peasants to workers.
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Manufactured goods were mass-produced and became widely available.
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The sciences flourished and advanced transportation, communication and medicine.
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The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation.
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Slowly, this economic progress not only formed a middle class, but also raised standards of living and healthcare for the poor working population.
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The second transition stage started.
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Better food supplies, hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time, especially so at a very young age.
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The result was a population explosion, doubling the UK's population between 1750 and 1850.
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The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive.
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Now that had changed, so the third stage of the transition was set in motion, fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down.
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Eventually, a balance emerged.
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Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born, so the death rate and birth rate became stable.
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Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition.
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This didn't only happen in the UK.
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More and more countries went through the four stages.
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First, many births and many deaths due to bad living conditions.
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Second, better living conditions leading to fewer deaths and a population explosion.
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Third, fewer deaths resulting in fewer births, and population growth came to an end.
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But if birth rates have dropped so much, why is the population still growing so fast?
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Well, the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now, leading to a noticeable spike in overall population.
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But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents.
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The average today is 2.5.
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It was 5 40 years ago.
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So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further, the rate of population growth will keep on slowing.
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This is true for every country.
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In the West, we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world.
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But actually, most of the world's countries have made it to the fourth stage.
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Just look at Bangladesh.
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In 1971, the average woman had seven kids, but 25% of them would die before the age of five.
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In 2015, the mortality rate was down to 3.8% and women had only 2.2 kids on average.
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This is the rule, not an exception.
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We're not special, we just had a head start.
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It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than 6 children to less than 3.
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Others are catching up fast.
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Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years.
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Bangladesh took just 20.
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Iran managed it in 10 years.
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All these countries that are catching up didn't have to start from scratch, and the more support they get, the faster they catch up.
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This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important.
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No matter what your motivation is, whether you dream of a world where more people live in freedom and wealth, or you just want fewer refugees coming to your country,
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the simple truth is that it's beneficial to you personally
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if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life.
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And we are getting there.
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The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today.
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So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all.
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It's a promise.
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Population growth will come to an end.
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The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all.
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And, as the development level of the world rises, the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold.
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Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead.
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More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species.
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This video was a collaboration with Max Rosa and Our World in Data, where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization.
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Make sure to check it out.
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In 2016 we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com.
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Thank you so much, and we'll be back in the year 12,017.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 75 वाक्य और 977 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 6:36 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 148 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। 87% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली आसान है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| explosion संज्ञा | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | विस्फोट |
| prophecy संज्ञा | /ˈpɹɑfɪsi/ | भविष्यवाणी |
| fertility संज्ञा | /fɝˈtɪləti/ | उपजाऊपन |
| percentage संज्ञा | /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/ | प्रतिशतता |
| stable संज्ञा | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | गोष्ठ, अश्वालय |
| poverty संज्ञा | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | ग़रीबी, निर्धनता |
| legend संज्ञा | /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ənd/ | किंवदंती, अफ़्साना |
| worker संज्ञा | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | मज़दूर, श्रमिक |
| decline क्रिया | /dɪˈklaɪn/ | गिरना |
| exception संज्ञा | /əkˈsɛpʃən/ | अपवाद |
| humanity संज्ञा | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | मानवजाति, मानवता |
| explore क्रिया | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | अन्वेषण करना |
| globe संज्ञा | /ɡloʊb/ | ग्लोब |
| chaos संज्ञा | /ˈkeɪˌɑs/ | अव्यवस्था |
| panic संज्ञा | /ˈpænɪk/ | संत्रास, आतंक |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 4 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे didn't, we'll, we're। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर explosion, prophecy, fertility जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + क्रिया — बीती आदत या स्थिति जो अब नहीं है | used to have · used to be |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have skyrocketed · have already made · have dropped |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | was born · were born · was set |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।