Prática de Shadowing: Overpopulation – The Human Explosion Explained - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now.
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Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940,
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3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016.
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The world population increased fourfold in the last century, so what can we expect for the next century?
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And what does population growth mean for our future?
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Will there be mass migration, overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents, diseases and pollution, chaos and violence over energy,
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water and food, and a human species focused only on sustaining itself?
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Will population growth destroy our way of life, or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic?
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In the 1960s, population growth reached an unprecedented rate, which led to apocalyptic prophecies.
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The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world.
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The legend of overpopulation was born.
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But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries,
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but rather part of a four-step process the whole world is going through.
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The demographic transition.
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Most developed countries have already made the transition, while other countries are doing it right now.
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Let's go back to the 18th century, when the entire world, including Europe, was in the first stage of the demographic transition.
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By today's standards, Europe was worse off than a developing region, suffering from poor sanitation, poor diets and poor medicine.
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A lot of people were born, but lots of them died just as fast, so the population hardly grew.
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Women had between four and six children, but only two of them would reach adulthood.
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Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution.
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People went from being peasants to workers.
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Manufactured goods were mass-produced and became widely available.
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The sciences flourished and advanced transportation, communication and medicine.
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The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation.
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Slowly, this economic progress not only formed a middle class, but also raised standards of living and healthcare for the poor working population.
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The second transition stage started.
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Better food supplies, hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time, especially so at a very young age.
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The result was a population explosion, doubling the UK's population between 1750 and 1850.
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The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive.
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Now that had changed, so the third stage of the transition was set in motion, fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down.
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Eventually, a balance emerged.
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Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born, so the death rate and birth rate became stable.
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Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition.
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This didn't only happen in the UK.
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More and more countries went through the four stages.
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First, many births and many deaths due to bad living conditions.
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Second, better living conditions leading to fewer deaths and a population explosion.
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Third, fewer deaths resulting in fewer births, and population growth came to an end.
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But if birth rates have dropped so much, why is the population still growing so fast?
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Well, the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now, leading to a noticeable spike in overall population.
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But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents.
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The average today is 2.5.
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It was 5 40 years ago.
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So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further, the rate of population growth will keep on slowing.
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This is true for every country.
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In the West, we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world.
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But actually, most of the world's countries have made it to the fourth stage.
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Just look at Bangladesh.
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In 1971, the average woman had seven kids, but 25% of them would die before the age of five.
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In 2015, the mortality rate was down to 3.8% and women had only 2.2 kids on average.
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This is the rule, not an exception.
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We're not special, we just had a head start.
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It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than 6 children to less than 3.
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Others are catching up fast.
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Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years.
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Bangladesh took just 20.
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Iran managed it in 10 years.
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All these countries that are catching up didn't have to start from scratch, and the more support they get, the faster they catch up.
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This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important.
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No matter what your motivation is, whether you dream of a world where more people live in freedom and wealth, or you just want fewer refugees coming to your country,
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the simple truth is that it's beneficial to you personally
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if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life.
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And we are getting there.
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The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today.
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So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all.
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It's a promise.
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Population growth will come to an end.
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The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all.
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And, as the development level of the world rises, the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold.
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Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead.
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More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species.
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This video was a collaboration with Max Rosa and Our World in Data, where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization.
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Make sure to check it out.
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In 2016 we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com.
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Thank you so much, and we'll be back in the year 12,017.
📺 Mesmo canal
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 75 frases e 977 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:36. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 148 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 87% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é fácil de acompanhar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | menos |
| transition substantivo | /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ | transição |
| explosion substantivo | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | explosão |
| demographic adjetivo | /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/ | demográfico |
| prophecy substantivo | /ˈpɹɑfɪsi/ | profecia |
| mortality substantivo | /mɔɹˈtælɪti/ | mortalidade |
| fertility substantivo | /fɝˈtɪləti/ | fertilidade |
| percentage substantivo | /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/ | percentagem, porcentagem |
| stable substantivo | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | estábulo, cavalariça |
| poverty substantivo | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | pobreza |
| suffer verbo | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | sofrer |
| legend substantivo | /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ənd/ | lenda |
| worker substantivo | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | trabalhador |
| decline verbo | /dɪˈklaɪn/ | declinar |
| exception substantivo | /əkˈsɛpʃən/ | exceção |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| slow down verbo | desacelerar |
| turn out verbo | terminar |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 4 contrações e formas reduzidas, como didn't, we'll, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como fewer, transition, explosion.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + verbo — um hábito ou estado do passado que não é mais verdade | used to have · used to be |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have skyrocketed · have already made · have dropped |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was born · were born · was set |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.