تدريب Shadowing: Overpopulation – The Human Explosion Explained - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now.
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Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940,
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3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016.
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The world population increased fourfold in the last century, so what can we expect for the next century?
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And what does population growth mean for our future?
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Will there be mass migration, overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents, diseases and pollution, chaos and violence over energy,
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water and food, and a human species focused only on sustaining itself?
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Will population growth destroy our way of life, or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic?
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In the 1960s, population growth reached an unprecedented rate, which led to apocalyptic prophecies.
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The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world.
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The legend of overpopulation was born.
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But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries,
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but rather part of a four-step process the whole world is going through.
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The demographic transition.
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Most developed countries have already made the transition, while other countries are doing it right now.
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Let's go back to the 18th century, when the entire world, including Europe, was in the first stage of the demographic transition.
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By today's standards, Europe was worse off than a developing region, suffering from poor sanitation, poor diets and poor medicine.
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A lot of people were born, but lots of them died just as fast, so the population hardly grew.
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Women had between four and six children, but only two of them would reach adulthood.
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Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution.
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People went from being peasants to workers.
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Manufactured goods were mass-produced and became widely available.
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The sciences flourished and advanced transportation, communication and medicine.
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The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation.
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Slowly, this economic progress not only formed a middle class, but also raised standards of living and healthcare for the poor working population.
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The second transition stage started.
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Better food supplies, hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time, especially so at a very young age.
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The result was a population explosion, doubling the UK's population between 1750 and 1850.
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The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive.
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Now that had changed, so the third stage of the transition was set in motion, fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down.
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Eventually, a balance emerged.
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Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born, so the death rate and birth rate became stable.
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Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition.
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This didn't only happen in the UK.
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More and more countries went through the four stages.
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First, many births and many deaths due to bad living conditions.
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Second, better living conditions leading to fewer deaths and a population explosion.
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Third, fewer deaths resulting in fewer births, and population growth came to an end.
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But if birth rates have dropped so much, why is the population still growing so fast?
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Well, the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now, leading to a noticeable spike in overall population.
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But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents.
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The average today is 2.5.
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It was 5 40 years ago.
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So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further, the rate of population growth will keep on slowing.
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This is true for every country.
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In the West, we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world.
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But actually, most of the world's countries have made it to the fourth stage.
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Just look at Bangladesh.
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In 1971, the average woman had seven kids, but 25% of them would die before the age of five.
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In 2015, the mortality rate was down to 3.8% and women had only 2.2 kids on average.
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This is the rule, not an exception.
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We're not special, we just had a head start.
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It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than 6 children to less than 3.
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Others are catching up fast.
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Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years.
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Bangladesh took just 20.
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Iran managed it in 10 years.
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All these countries that are catching up didn't have to start from scratch, and the more support they get, the faster they catch up.
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This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important.
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No matter what your motivation is, whether you dream of a world where more people live in freedom and wealth, or you just want fewer refugees coming to your country,
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the simple truth is that it's beneficial to you personally
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if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life.
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And we are getting there.
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The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today.
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So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all.
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It's a promise.
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Population growth will come to an end.
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The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all.
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And, as the development level of the world rises, the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold.
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Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead.
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More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species.
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This video was a collaboration with Max Rosa and Our World in Data, where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization.
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Make sure to check it out.
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In 2016 we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com.
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Thank you so much, and we'll be back in the year 12,017.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 75 جملة و977 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 6:36. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 148 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 87% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات سهلة المتابعة.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | أَقَلّ |
| transition اسم | /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/ | تَحَوُّل, نَقِل |
| explosion اسم | /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ | اِنْفِجَار, تَفْجِير |
| prophecy اسم | /ˈpɹɑfɪsi/ | نُبُوءَة, تَنَبُّؤ |
| fertility اسم | /fɝˈtɪləti/ | خُصُوبَة |
| percentage اسم | /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/ | النِّسْبَة الْمِئَوِيَّة |
| stable اسم | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | حَظِيرَة, اِسْطَبْل |
| poverty اسم | /ˈpɑːvɚti/ | فَقْر |
| suffer فعل | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | تَأَلَّمَ, عَانَى |
| legend اسم | /ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ənd/ | أُسْطُورَة |
| worker اسم | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | عَامِل, عَامِلَة |
| exception اسم | /əkˈsɛpʃən/ | اِسْتِثْنَاء |
| humanity اسم | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | بَشَرِيَّة, إِنْسَانِيَّة |
| explore فعل | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | اِسْتَكْشَفَ |
| globe اسم | /ɡloʊb/ | كُرَة أَرْضِيَّة |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 4 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل didn't, we'll, we're. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل fewer, transition, explosion.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + فعل — عادة أو حالة في الماضي لم تعد قائمة | used to have · used to be |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | have skyrocketed · have already made · have dropped |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | was born · were born · was set |
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.