Shadowing Practice: Overpopulation – The Human Explosion Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
75 משפטים
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1
Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now.
2
Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940,
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3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016.
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The world population increased fourfold in the last century, so what can we expect for the next century?
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And what does population growth mean for our future?
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Will there be mass migration, overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents, diseases and pollution, chaos and violence over energy,
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water and food, and a human species focused only on sustaining itself?
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Will population growth destroy our way of life, or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic?
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In the 1960s, population growth reached an unprecedented rate, which led to apocalyptic prophecies.
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The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world.
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The legend of overpopulation was born.
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But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries,
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but rather part of a four-step process the whole world is going through.
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The demographic transition.
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Most developed countries have already made the transition, while other countries are doing it right now.
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Let's go back to the 18th century, when the entire world, including Europe, was in the first stage of the demographic transition.
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By today's standards, Europe was worse off than a developing region, suffering from poor sanitation, poor diets and poor medicine.
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A lot of people were born, but lots of them died just as fast, so the population hardly grew.
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Women had between four and six children, but only two of them would reach adulthood.
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Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution.
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People went from being peasants to workers.
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Manufactured goods were mass-produced and became widely available.
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The sciences flourished and advanced transportation, communication and medicine.
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The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation.
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Slowly, this economic progress not only formed a middle class, but also raised standards of living and healthcare for the poor working population.
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The second transition stage started.
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Better food supplies, hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time, especially so at a very young age.
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The result was a population explosion, doubling the UK's population between 1750 and 1850.
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The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive.
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Now that had changed, so the third stage of the transition was set in motion, fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down.
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Eventually, a balance emerged.
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Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born, so the death rate and birth rate became stable.
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Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition.
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This didn't only happen in the UK.
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More and more countries went through the four stages.
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First, many births and many deaths due to bad living conditions.
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Second, better living conditions leading to fewer deaths and a population explosion.
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Third, fewer deaths resulting in fewer births, and population growth came to an end.
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But if birth rates have dropped so much, why is the population still growing so fast?
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Well, the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now, leading to a noticeable spike in overall population.
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But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents.
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The average today is 2.5.
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It was 5 40 years ago.
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So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further, the rate of population growth will keep on slowing.
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This is true for every country.
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In the West, we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world.
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But actually, most of the world's countries have made it to the fourth stage.
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Just look at Bangladesh.
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In 1971, the average woman had seven kids, but 25% of them would die before the age of five.
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In 2015, the mortality rate was down to 3.8% and women had only 2.2 kids on average.
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This is the rule, not an exception.
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We're not special, we just had a head start.
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It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than 6 children to less than 3.
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Others are catching up fast.
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Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years.
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Bangladesh took just 20.
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Iran managed it in 10 years.
58
All these countries that are catching up didn't have to start from scratch, and the more support they get, the faster they catch up.
59
This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important.
60
No matter what your motivation is, whether you dream of a world where more people live in freedom and wealth, or you just want fewer refugees coming to your country,
61
the simple truth is that it's beneficial to you personally
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if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life.
63
And we are getting there.
64
The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today.
65
So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all.
66
It's a promise.
67
Population growth will come to an end.
68
The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all.
69
And, as the development level of the world rises, the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold.
70
Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead.
71
More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species.
72
This video was a collaboration with Max Rosa and Our World in Data, where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization.
73
Make sure to check it out.
74
In 2016 we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com.
75
Thank you so much, and we'll be back in the year 12,017.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה B2 מבוסס על הסרטון “Overpopulation – The Human Explosion Explained”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: population, fewer, growth, countries, rate. בסרטון הזה יש 75 משפטים ו-977 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 6:36. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-148 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. 87% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שקל לעקוב אחרי אוצר המילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| prophecy שם עצם | /ˈpɹɑfɪsi/ | נְבוּאָה |
| demographic שם תואר | /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/ | דֵּמוֹגְרָפִי |
| fertility שם עצם | /fɝˈtɪləti/ | פּוֹרִיּוּת |
| mortality שם עצם | /mɔɹˈtælɪti/ | תְּמוּתָה |
| emancipation שם עצם | /ɪˌmæn.səˈpeɪ.ʃən/ | אמנציפציה |
| sanitation שם עצם | /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/ | סניטציה |
| adulthood שם עצם | בַּגְרוּת | |
| hygiene שם עצם | /ˈhaɪˌd͡ʒiːn/ | גֵהוּת, הִיגְיֶנָה \ היגיינה |
| unprecedented שם תואר | /ʌnˈpɹɛsɪdɛntɪd/ | חֲסַר תַּקְדִּים |
| emerge פועל | /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/ | צץ, התגלה |
| continent שם עצם | /ˈkɑntɪnənt/ | יַבֶּשֶׁת |
| beneficial שם תואר | /ˌbɛn.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ | מועיל, מיטיב |
| forecast שם עצם | /ˈfɔːkɑːst/ | תַּחֲזִית |
| migration שם עצם | /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/ | הֲגִירָה |
| scratch פועל | /skɹæt͡ʃ/ | גֵּרֵד |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + verb — הרגל או מצב שהיה נכון בעבר וכבר לא קיים | used to have · used to be |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | have skyrocketed · have already made · have dropped |
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | was born · were born · was set |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-4 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו didn't, we'll, we're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: emancipation /ɪˌmæn.səˈpeɪ.ʃən/, overpopulation /ˌoʊvɚˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, visualization /ˌvɪʒ.ʊ.ə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, sanitation /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, apocalyptic /əˈpɒ.kə.lɪp.tɪk/, fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, emancipation /ɪˌmæn.səˈpeɪ.ʃən/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, emancipation /ɪˌmæn.səˈpeɪ.ʃən/, sanitation /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃən/, scratch /skɹæt͡ʃ/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: prophecy /ˈpɹɑfɪsi/, demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, fourfold /ˈfɔɹ.foʊld/, overrun /ˌoʊ.vɚˈɹʌn/
- עיצור קולי בסוף מילה — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ בלי להפוך אותם לאטומים: conceive /kənˈsiːv/, fourfold /ˈfɔɹ.foʊld/, tenfold /ˈtɛnfoʊld/, unprecedented /ʌnˈpɹɛsɪdɛntɪd/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו prophecy, demographic, fertility.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.