跟读练习: Overpopulation – The Human Explosion Explained - 通过视频学习英语口语

Never before in history have there been so many people on Earth as right now.

Our numbers have skyrocketed from 1 billion in 1800 to 2.3 billion in 1940,

3.7 billion in 1970 and 7.4 billion in 2016.

The world population increased fourfold in the last century, so what can we expect for the next century?

And what does population growth mean for our future?

Will there be mass migration, overcrowded slums in megacities covering continents, diseases and pollution, chaos and violence over energy,

water and food, and a human species focused only on sustaining itself?

Will population growth destroy our way of life, or is this prophecy just ungrounded panic?

In the 1960s, population growth reached an unprecedented rate, which led to apocalyptic prophecies.

The poor would procreate endlessly and overrun the developed world.

The legend of overpopulation was born.

But it turns out high birth rates and the population explosion are not permanent features of some cultures or countries,

but rather part of a four-step process the whole world is going through.

The demographic transition.

Most developed countries have already made the transition, while other countries are doing it right now.

Let's go back to the 18th century, when the entire world, including Europe, was in the first stage of the demographic transition.

By today's standards, Europe was worse off than a developing region, suffering from poor sanitation, poor diets and poor medicine.

A lot of people were born, but lots of them died just as fast, so the population hardly grew.

Women had between four and six children, but only two of them would reach adulthood.

Then the Industrial Revolution happened in the UK and brought the greatest change in human living conditions since the Agricultural Revolution.

People went from being peasants to workers.

Manufactured goods were mass-produced and became widely available.

The sciences flourished and advanced transportation, communication and medicine.

The role of women in society shifted and created the conditions for their emancipation.

Slowly, this economic progress not only formed a middle class, but also raised standards of living and healthcare for the poor working population.

The second transition stage started.

Better food supplies, hygiene and medicine meant people stopped dying all the time, especially so at a very young age.

The result was a population explosion, doubling the UK's population between 1750 and 1850.

The main reason families used to have lots of children was that only a few of them were likely to survive.

Now that had changed, so the third stage of the transition was set in motion, fewer babies were conceived and population growth slowed down.

Eventually, a balance emerged.

Fewer people were dying and fewer children were born, so the death rate and birth rate became stable.

Britain had reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition.

This didn't only happen in the UK.

More and more countries went through the four stages.

First, many births and many deaths due to bad living conditions.

Second, better living conditions leading to fewer deaths and a population explosion.

Third, fewer deaths resulting in fewer births, and population growth came to an end.

But if birth rates have dropped so much, why is the population still growing so fast?

Well, the children born in the population explosion of the 70s and 80s are having kids themselves now, leading to a noticeable spike in overall population.

But they are having far fewer children on average than their parents.

The average today is 2.5.

It was 5 40 years ago.

So as this generation gets older and fertility declines further, the rate of population growth will keep on slowing.

This is true for every country.

In the West, we tend to overlook progress in other regions of the world.

But actually, most of the world's countries have made it to the fourth stage.

Just look at Bangladesh.

In 1971, the average woman had seven kids, but 25% of them would die before the age of five.

In 2015, the mortality rate was down to 3.8% and women had only 2.2 kids on average.

This is the rule, not an exception.

We're not special, we just had a head start.

It took developed countries about 80 years to reduce fertility from more than 6 children to less than 3.

Others are catching up fast.

Malaysia and South Africa did it in only 34 years.

Bangladesh took just 20.

Iran managed it in 10 years.

All these countries that are catching up didn't have to start from scratch, and the more support they get, the faster they catch up.

This is why programs that help lower child mortality or help poor nations develop are so important.

No matter what your motivation is, whether you dream of a world where more people live in freedom and wealth, or you just want fewer refugees coming to your country,

the simple truth is that it's beneficial to you personally

if people on the other side of the globe can live a good life.

And we are getting there.

The percentage of people living in extreme poverty has never been as low as today.

So the future of global population growth is actually not an apocalyptic prophecy at all.

It's a promise.

Population growth will come to an end.

The UN forecasts that the 12th billionth human will never be born at all.

And, as the development level of the world rises, the number of people with a higher education will increase tenfold.

Countries who used to be in need will help advance development instead.

More people is going to mean more people able to advance our species.

This video was a collaboration with Max Rosa and Our World in Data, where he explores the progress of humanity through research and data visualization.

Make sure to check it out.

In 2016 we were able to make more and better content than ever before because of your support on Patreon.com.

Thank you so much, and we'll be back in the year 12,017.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这段视频共有 75 个句子、977 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 6:36。说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 148 个词，很适合跟读。 87% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇容易理解。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
fewer	/ˈfjuː.ɚ/	較少 /较少, 更少
transition 名词	/tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/	過渡 /过渡, 轉變 /转变
explosion 名词	/ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/	爆炸, 爆發 /爆发
prophecy 名词	/ˈpɹɑfɪsi/	預言 /预言
mortality 名词	/mɔɹˈtælɪti/	必死
fertility 名词	/fɝˈtɪləti/	肥沃, 繁殖力
percentage 名词	/pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/	百分率, 百分比
stable 名词	/ˈsteɪ.bəl/	馬厩, 馬棚 /马棚
poverty 名词	/ˈpɑːvɚti/	貧窮 /贫穷, 貧困 /贫困
suffer 动词	/ˈsʌfɚ/	受苦, 遭受
legend 名词	/ˈlɛd͡ʒ.ənd/	傳說 /传说
worker 名词	/ˈwɝ.kɚ/	工人, 工作者
decline 动词	/dɪˈklaɪn/	惡化 /恶化
exception 名词	/əkˈsɛpʃən/	排除
humanity 名词	/hjuˈmænɪti/	人類 /人类

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
go through 动词	通過 /通过
slow down 动词	減速 /减速, 放慢
turn out 动词	原來 /原来

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 4 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 didn't, we'll, we're。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: demographic /ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/, mortality /mɔɹˈtælɪti/, fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, collaboration /kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 fewer, transition, explosion 这类单词。

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
“used to” used to + 动词 — 过去的习惯或状态，现在已不再如此	used to have · used to be
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	have skyrocketed · have already made · have dropped
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	was born · were born · was set

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

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本课的词汇与口语要点

视频中的重点词汇

视频中出现的短语动词

需要注意的发音

如何用这段视频练习

视频中的语法

什么是跟读法？