Prática de Shadowing: 9 Life Lessons From Socrates (Socratic Skepticism) - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Escolha um modo de prática
Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.
226 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
Socrates lived between 469 and 399 BCE and he is one of the most famous philosophers in the entire history of humankind.
2
He is sometimes considered as the founder of Western philosophy and his work reflects the philosophy of skepticism,
3
which has at its main base that knowledge can be obtained and through systematic doubt and continual testing.
4
Although Socrates hasn't actually written anything, he has forever changed philosophy itself.
5
Most of the things we know today about his philosophy came from Plato,
6
Aristophanes and Zephanon whose writings are in the form of dialogues between Socrates and other Athenians.
7
These writings gave birth to a new literary genre called the Socratic dialogue.
8
Unfortunately, he is also famous for his tragic life.
9
In 399 BCE, he was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens and of failing to acknowledge the city's official gods.
10
After a trial that
11
That lasted just a single day, he was sentenced to death.
12
He spent his last day in prison, refusing to escape.
13
The way his life ended can be considered as the founding myth of philosophy as a discipline.
14
For one to really practice philosophy, they have to go against societal norms, to question everything even at the risk of their own peril.
15
Everything about Socrates was impressive, his appearance, personality and behaviour, as well as in his views and methods.
16
And this made many of the people around him to write about him, including Plato.
17
It is unfortunate that Socrates didn't write at all and all we have is indirect evidence.
18
Also, it is said that each age produces a Socrates of its own,
19
however, there are some core fundamental teachings of the original Socrates that transcend the centuries.
20
And to help you better understand his teachings and how you can implement them into your own life,
21
in this video we bring you 9 life lessons we can learn from the philosophy of Socrates.
22
1. Open yourself to the truth Socrates said,
23
the only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
24
This quote is one of the most famous quotes of all time.
25
It is also called the Socratic paradox.
26
It was called a paradox because such a statement of Socrates seems contrary to common sense.
27
This quote is a reply of Socrates to the Oracle of Delphi
28
which stated that Socrates is the wisest
29
and Socrates replied to this statement by saying that he is wise because he knows nothing.
30
He simply considered that he didn't know what the truth was.
31
Truth is that which is in accordance with fact or reality,
32
and Socrates was very famous for developing a mental model for seeking truth, calling it elenchos, also known as the Socratic method,
33
consisting in analysing all the elements of an argument, to understand the hypotheses on which the argument is constructed,
34
to see if these hypotheses are based on facts and if they are valid.
35
Thus, according to Socrates, we can pursue the truth by constantly asking questions to others and digging deeper into problems and thought experiments.
36
His teachings are extremely valuable even today when we need
37
so much to develop our critical thinking in how we analyse our life or society in general.
38
If we just eat, sleep, sleep, work and procreate, we are no better than any other animal.
39
In Socrates' view, such a life would not be worth living.
40
It's important to never stop learning new things, asking questions and developing ourselves,
41
and to never assume that once you know something, it's enough.
42
You need to always question what you know as a fact,
43
seek evidence and refresh your knowledge constantly. For example,
44
imagine that you are working in an engineering department and you are informed that you have to follow a certain design methodology,
45
but you don't understand the reasons why.
46
Instead of just working by following orders, you'd be better off applying the Socratic method.
47
Ask your boss as many questions as possible to fully understand why this method is as it is,
48
who proved that it is really the best and what methods that person used.
49
If you find the explanation unsatisfactory, you might even propose a new designing method and you could increase the quality of the design overall.
50
Don't just follow orders and pretend that you know what you are doing.
51
Only through acknowledging that you don't know something are you in a position to ask others questions to find out more,
52
thereby developing your knowledge and skills and by extension, improve your career.
53
2. Be Courageous According to Socrates, Socrates.
54
He is a man of courage who does not run away, but remains at his post and fights against the enemy.
55
Socrates was a contrarian and a polarizing figure, not only through his looks and behavior,
56
but also through his way of interrogating people around him and because he didn't acknowledge the official gods.
57
Due to this, in 399 BCE, he was arrested for corrupting the youth and brought to trial which lasted just a single day.
58
In the end, he was sentenced to death.
59
In spite of being offered the possibility to escape, he decided to remain in prison before his tragic death.
60
death.
61
He died by drinking poison hemlock.
62
Certainly, Socrates was a man of great courage until the day he died.
63
During his life, he was never afraid to go against the current of Athenian opinion.
64
He was seeking the real truths behind the common beliefs.
65
He refused refused to believe in the gods.
66
He refused to be part of the political arena.
67
No matter the cost, we need to stand up for our moral principles.
68
For example, when your boss at work asks you to betray one of your colleagues, you should refuse it even at the risk of getting fired.
69
When you are at a family reunion and you catch an old relative saying something racist or bigoted,
70
you have to speak up and start a tough conversation with the people involved.
71
Remaining silent when you have to speak up
72
and obeying unjust orders means partnering with the abuser or with the criminal and causing harm to innocent people.
73
Courage is not only a desirable trait we need to have, but it is the mark of any moral human being.
74
3. Be Authentic To quote Socrates,
75
the greatest way to live with honor in this world is to be what we pretend to be.
76
Socrates never shied away from proclaiming his views, no matter the danger.
77
He didn't take sides in politics, he was far more interested in seeking the truth than in political and social status.
78
Ultimately, his stubbornness to be who he really was led him to trial and premature death.
79
But due to the fact that he had the courage to be authentic,
80
to question everything publicly, he lived honorably and his fame has lasted to this day way.
81
Socrates was also bold enough to proclaim his ignorance towards many subjects.
82
He didn't hesitate to ask others questions in order to find the truth.
83
Even in regards to physical appearance, he didn't polish himself to look more than he was.
84
Most of us do not have the courage that Socrates had, but we can learn from him to be more straightforward,
85
more honest, to better align our ideal of ourselves with who we truly are.
86
This means to stop seeking the approval of other people,
87
to stop dressing and behaving to impress others in order to be seen as we would like them to see us.
88
It is much better instead to work more in shaping our character than in lying
89
and deceiving others in regard to who we truly are.
90
If you are not happy about how you look, work on building muscles or losing weight instead of buying clothes to try and fake it.
91
Stop pretending to be who you are not and use
92
that energy to start the real work on addressing the main sources of the problems.
93
Only then can you be the true authentic version of yourself.
94
4. Be humble Socrates tells us,
95
pride divides the men, humility joins them.
96
It is said that Socrates had an unpleasant appearance.
97
He was short with a big belly, with rough facial features, bulging eyes and a snub nose.
98
He was extremely mocked due to his looks, but he didn't seem to care that much.
99
He continued to use the same cloak every day, living a poor life, not caring either for his hygiene or for eating and drinking well.
100
However, also because of his humble appearance, he was able to speak with people from all walks of life,
101
whomever he was finding in the marketplace or other public areas.
102
Male or female, young or old, slave or free, rich or poor.
103
His humility gave him a special freedom and many possibilities to interact with different types of people.
104
Although only a few of us would want to look like Socrates and adopt such an austere lifestyle,
105
we can still adopt some aspects of his humility in order to be more free
106
and to be able to experience life more fully.
107
Humility means first of all freedom from pride and arrogance.
108
The bigger your status in society, the more you need to practice humility.
109
If, for example, you are a manager in a factory, you need an amount of humility to talk to employees working under you
110
and listen to their suggestions on how to improve teamwork.
111
If you adopt an arrogant and demanding attitude, you will deprive yourself of a valuable input from your subordinates.
112
If you want your staff to respect you, you have to respect them equally.
113
They are the creators, the ones actually performing the primary functions of the business,
114
giving them unique, valuable insights you can't see from a management or executive level perspective.
115
If your staff feel like they are truly valued and respected, they will generally want to return that respect with delivering to their best abilities.
116
Only when you have created such a connection will they open up to you
117
and give valuable feedback which you can use to improve the working methods in your factory.
118
The more humble we are, the more approachable we are, and thus, the better our connection with others, leading to more, better opportunities.
119
5. Beware the busyness of life
120
In the words of Socrates, Beware the barrenness of a busy life
121
In the late 5th century BCE, when Socrates lived, most of the Athenian men preferred fame,
122
wealth, honours and political power to a life of labour.
123
They always seem to have a busy life, but not a happy one.
124
By contrast, Socrates neither labored to earn a living nor participated voluntarily in affairs of state.
125
Rather, in spite of his popularity, he chose to remain in poverty.
126
He wasn't even interested in being considered a teacher.
127
He believed it was more important to teach people to think
128
by themselves than to fill their memories with new things that they may not even use.
129
Doing things just for money
130
or for fame was not one of his interests as he understood
131
that living a life without a real purpose is an empty life.
132
Following Socrates' example, we should all be careful not to have a busy and empty life, but rather a meaningful life.
133
Nowadays, there are so many activities activities we can engage in, so many things to choose from.
134
If we don't know how to limit our desires for more money,
135
more things, more fame, we risk the possibility that we completely fill our time with activities, leaving no time to stop and process,
136
to digest everything going on in our life, to find the meaning and make better, considered decisions going forward.
137
Running after money and fame won't give us real meaning in our lives.
138
All it does is cost time and energy, both of which can be better spent doing things that actually fulfill you, things you really enjoy.
139
You don't have to try to do everything you're capable of doing in life,
140
just start by figuring out what's really meaningful to you and prioritize your activities accordingly.
141
Life can only become meaningful when you do meaningful activities.
142
6. Be a citizen of the world Socrates stated,
143
I am not an Athenian or a Greek, but a citizen of the world.
144
We shouldn't be defined by artificial borders like the geographical border of our country.
145
People shouldn't be just citizens of their state, they should be citizens of the world.
146
Now more than ever there are many more things that unite us than separate us.
147
Unfortunately, we humans typically think of ourselves in small groups, our block or street, our town,
148
our county or state, our country.
149
If the internet has taught us nothing else, us, it has taught us
150
that we might have more in common with someone thousands of miles away than you do with your own neighbour.
151
We are all human beings, no more, no less.
152
And making judgements about a fellow human based on differences like nationality,
153
skin colour, gender or in fact anything other than their behaviour and actions is utterly nonsensical.
154
Socrates understood this very well, even though at that time this idea was truly revolutionary.
155
Greece was divided into many smaller states like Athens and Sparta, and there were many wars between them.
156
But Socrates was not a fan of politics.
157
He refused to take sides with one party or another.
158
He was more interested in finding an objective truth than in a subjective one, person, or in aligning himself with a certain group of people.
159
In the same way, we should be interested more in the common moral principles
160
which connect us than in the apparent differences between us.
161
If you meet someone from another country, from another culture, don't focus on how different they dress from you or how they behave and think,
162
but rather focus on the physical and psychological needs you have in common, to have enough food to eat, a shelter over your head,
163
to feel you are a part of a community, to feel secure, to take care of your family and so on.
164
All humans on this planet have the same basic needs
165
and this is the common ground from which we should engage with one another.
166
We are all citizens of this world.
167
7. Be happy with less Socrates posits that,
168
the secret of happiness, you see, is not found in seeking more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less.
169
Happiness is, by definition, an end goal of our desires.
170
Happiness is not a given, it requires a certain effort.
171
And the fewer desires we have, the easier it is to achieve happiness.
172
Socrates believed that the real secret to happiness is to have a moral life, to be just.
173
By being so, you can be more peaceful, more content with your current affairs and desire fewer possessions.
174
Thus, happiness is not a result of having more, it is more a result of a mindset,
175
of the ability to enjoy the small things in life.
176
We need to work more on our inner state of mind, rather than trying to possess as many things as possible,
177
like money, property, cars and so on.
178
An easy way to introduce more happiness into our life is through making small changes every day.
179
You can start by practicing meditation, taking a short walk after lunch to the nearest park, taking part in sport, writing a diary,
180
connecting with your friends and relatives, even something as simple as watching your favorite comedy and so on.
181
Over time, you can introduce more new habits, which cumulatively can increase your level of happiness.
182
Don't expect a new apartment, a new car or even winning the lottery to make you happy.
183
Real happiness requires less effort than you might expect.
184
It usually consists of developing small habits you can follow and build on every day.
185
By being a moral person and focusing on practicing healthy habits every day, you can be happy with surprisingly little effort.
186
8. Don't Seek Vengeance As we learn from Socrates,
187
one should never do wrong in return nor mistreat any man, no matter how one has been mistreated by him.
188
For Socrates, vengeance is by definition unjust and there is never a good motivation to justify it.
189
This philosophy on vengeance is expressed in one of the dialogues of Plato, where Socrates debates Paul Marcus,
190
who believes that if it is just to give each man what is owed,
191
so So too it is just to do good for a good friend and to do harm to an enemy.
192
Socrates made Paul Marcus realise that when harmed, human beings tend to become less virtuous, not more.
193
So while it may be cathartic to balance the scales by acting on the ancient expression an eye for an eye,
194
the net result is that you drive your enemies towards further immorality.
195
Harming someone makes neither you nor them a better person, thus vengeance is never justified.
196
No matter how badly someone has hurt you, you need to calmly reply and walk away.
197
It could be your best friend who betrayed you, it could be someone who spread false rumours about you in public,
198
your partner who cheated on you, or your boss who unfairly criticized you.
199
No matter what, you need to calmly evaluate the situation.
200
If appropriate, express your hurt feelings in a polite way, demand a correction or apology, and if this is not possible,
201
pack your bags and walk away.
202
Don't do the same thing to the other person, don't sink down to their level.
203
Instead, maintain your humanity, defend yourself, self, claim an apology, or walk away.
204
9. Have a sense of humor
205
In our final quote from Socrates for this video, he says, By all means marry.
206
If you get a good wife, you will become happy.
207
If you get a bad one, you will become a philosopher.
208
Socrates was well known for his sense of humor.
209
He was often making jokes about his wife Xanthippe, who was 30 years younger than him,
210
explaining that she had a bad temper and a difficult personality, suggesting that he became a philosopher due to this issue and
211
that the marriage with her is a great school in dealing with difficult situations.
212
They even had an argument when she visited him in prison before his death.
213
She was crying, saying that he was condemned unfairly, and he joked about it,
214
saying, would you think this situation was less regrettable if they had condemned me fairly?
215
Perhaps we can all implement a bit of Socratic humor in our own lives.
216
No matter the situation, good or bad, making jokes can lighten up other people and us.
217
Laughter is a powerful tool which can bring people closer, when used carefully, without malevolence or bad intentions.
218
Laughter releases stress and makes us more resilient against the daily difficulties of life.
219
Studies have shown a relationship is more likely to last if the partners find the same things funny.
220
To make your relationships long -lasting, To quote the comedian Reginald D.
221
Hunter, you have to find the funnies.
222
Whether that's finding shows, movies or comedians you both enjoy, or just seeing the same humour in life situations,
223
a good joke, said without bad intentions, can light up the spirits and create truly memorable moments.
224
If you enjoyed this video, please make sure to check out our full Philosophies for Life playlist.
225
And for more videos to help you find success and happiness using ancient philosophical wisdom, don't forget to subscribe.
226
Thanks so much for watching.
Baixar aplicativo
Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase
Prática de IPADomine cada som
VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras
Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando
Mesmo canal
FOR YOU
Vídeo recomendado
C13
77 frases
PHILOSOPHY - Plato
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
172 frases
9 Stoic Rules For A Better Life (From Marcus Aurelius)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C168 frases
The Death of Socrates: How To Read A Painting
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
22 frases
THE ZERO MINDSET
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
160 frases
How To Be Dangerously Self-Educated | Napoleon's Philosophy
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
143 frases
Start With Dostoevsky
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
271 frases
Secret to a Stress-Free Mind (Lao Tzu + Psychology)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C17
175 frases
The Lost Art Of The Intellectual Life
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
6 frases
Why is Stephen Fry so passionate about the ancient Greeks?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
130 frases
On Suicide
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C185
66 frases
What science can’t answer, according to physicist Jim Al-Khalili | Big Think
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
101 frases
The 70 Most Famous Quotes of All Time
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “9 Life Lessons From Socrates”. Este vídeo tem 226 frases e 3268 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 24:33. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 133 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 84% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| happiness substantivo | /ˈhæpinɪs/ | felicidade, alegria |
| humility substantivo | /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/ | humildade |
| moral adjetivo | /ˈmoɹəl/ | moral |
| fame substantivo | /feɪm/ | fama |
| courage substantivo | /ˈkʌ.ɹɪd͡ʒ/ | coragem, coração |
| meaningful adjetivo | /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ | significativo |
| humour substantivo | /ˈhjuːmɚ/ | humor |
| vengeance substantivo | /ˈvɛnˌd͡ʒəns/ | vingança |
| pretend verbo | /pɹəˈtɛnd/ | fingir |
| dialogue substantivo | /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/ | diálogo, conversa |
| habit substantivo | /ˈhæb.ɪt/ | hábito, costume |
| adopt verbo | /əˈdɑpt/ | adotar |
| humble adjetivo | /ˈhʌmbəl/ | humilde |
| authentic adjetivo | /ɔˈθɛn.tɪk/ | autêntico |
| relative substantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | parente, parenta |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| speak up verbo | /ˌspik ˈʌp/ | falar mais alto, falar mais claro/claramente |
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só | |
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir | |
| find out verbo | descobrir | |
| going forward advérbio | doravante, daqui em diante | |
| run away verbo | fugir |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is sometimes considered · can be obtained · was accused |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | hasn't actually written · has lasted · have created |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | that which is · friend who betrayed · tool which can |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 26 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, didn't, shouldn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: authentic /ɔˈθɛn.tɪk/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, myth /mɪθ/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, methodology /ˌmɛθ.əˈdɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: intentions /ɪnˈtɛnʃənz/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, polish /ˈpɑ.lɪʃ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, apology /əˈpɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθɪsɪs/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: pretend /pɹəˈtɛnd/, dialogue /ˈdaɪəˌlɑɡ/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/, adopt /əˈdɑpt/, authentic /ɔˈθɛn.tɪk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, ideal /aɪˈdi(ə)l/, muscle /ˈmʌs.əl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: happiness /ˈhæpinɪs/, humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, humour /ˈhjuːmɚ/, habit /ˈhæb.ɪt/, humble /ˈhʌmbəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como happiness, humility, moral.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.