Prática de Shadowing: bassham ch3pt1 - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Hi everybody, this is part one of the lecture to accompany chapter three in your textbook.
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Please carefully read chapter three as there are a lot of great examples
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and illustrations that will help you understand the material and I simply don't have time to address them in this lecture.
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Okay, let's learn how to distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning.
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In the last chapter, you learned what arguments are and how to distinguish them from non -arguments.
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You know that an argument contains at least two statements, and that one of the statements, the conclusion, is intended to be supported or proven by the other statements.
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Now, we're going to focus solely on how to tell a good argument from a bad one.
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In order to evaluate any argument, you should always ask yourself two key questions about that argument.
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The first question is: Do the premises provide good reasons to accept the conclusion?
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And the second question is, are the premises true?
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Now, as strange as this may seem to you, the answer to the last question has absolutely nothing to do with the answer to the first question.
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That's right.
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Logic and truth are two entirely different things.
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Just because something is logical, that doesn't make it true.
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For right now, I want you to put your ideas about what is true aside
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and simply focus on logic and the structure of arguments.
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We will be discussing truth.
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We're not going to ignore it entirely, but you need to understand the concept of good reasons in order to determine
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if an argument follows the correct logical structure or not.
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Let me see if I can make this concept a little clearer for you.
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Here's an argument.
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If the moon is made of green cheese, then you will score perfectly on the next exam.
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The moon is made of green cheese.
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Therefore, you will score perfectly on the next exam.
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Okay, let's look closely at this argument.
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It's made up of two premises and a conclusion.
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The first premise is a conditional statement.
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Remember that you can use those in arguments.
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The second premise is saying that the antecedent of the first statement is true.
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So, since in a conditional statement, if one thing is the case, then the second thing is also the case, the conclusion makes sense.
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Obviously, neither of these premises are true.
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Nevertheless, they provide what are called good reasons to accept the conclusion, because if they were true,
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then the conclusion would also be true.
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Good reasons aren't necessarily true reasons.
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This is something you need to wrap your mind around when looking at arguments.
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The premises don't need to be true for the argument to be structured correctly.
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So hopefully for the moment, at least, you've gotten the idea that truth and logic are not the same thing.
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And right now, we're mostly concerned with logic.
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Again, we're going to add truth back into the discussion later, so don't freak out.
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It's all going to be fine.
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The next thing you need to understand is that there are two basic types of argument: deductive argument and inductive argument.
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In order to really evaluate an argument, you need to know what kind of argument you're looking at.
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They are very different, and you would use different standards to evaluate them.
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Deductive arguments are tempting to prove that their conclusions are correct by using rigorous logic.
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They are leading you to one and only one conclusion.
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In this example, if the President lives in the White House, then the President lives in Washington, D .C.
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The President lives in the White House, therefore the President lives in Washington, D .C.
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The only conclusion that you can draw is that indeed the President lives in Washington, D .C.
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follows necessarily from the premises.
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Based on them, that's the only conclusion that you can come to.
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Inductive arguments, on the other hand, are not quite so precise.
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Inductive reasoning comes to a potentially likely, probable, or possible conclusion based on their premises.
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In this example, "So far, every class our professor has worn jeans.
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Therefore, next class our professor will probably wear jeans."
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The person is arguing that because the professor has worn jeans to every class so far, it's very likely the professor will do it the next class.
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Is the arguer absolutely sure that the professor will wear jeans?
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No, but they've covered their bases by saying probably.
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Even if they didn't say probably, they still know that something else might happen.
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But they're coming to their conclusion based on pretty good evidence.
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It's happened every time so far.
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nice as deductive reasoning.
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So how can you tell whether you're looking at a deductive argument or an inductive one?
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Well, there are several ways.
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First, just like there are certain indicator words that can help you distinguish between the premises and conclusion of an argument,
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there are also indicator words that can help you determine whether the argument is deductive or inductive.
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Because deductive reasoning is more precise, here are some indicator words that point to a deductive argument.
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Certainly, definitely, this entails that, or conclusively, There are other ones, of course, but these are some of the most common.
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Because inductive reasoning is more general and not as precise, words like probably, likely, one would expect,
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the odds are, and reasonable to assume are more likely to be found in them.
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However, as I've said before about indicator words, they are not perfect.
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They may not be present or they might be used incorrectly, as in a speaker saying "it is certain that"
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when really it's not certain and he should have used something like "it's probably true that" or something like that.
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Another way to determine whether it's deductive or inductive is through the strict necessity test.
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An argument's conclusion either follows with strict logical necessity from its premises or it does not.
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If it does, it should be treated as a deductive argument.
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If it doesn't, then it's most likely inductive.
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Here's an example.
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Alan is a father, therefore Alan is a male.
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This is deductive.
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It's actually an argument by definition, which is a form of deductive argument.
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The conclusion that Alan is a male follows necessarily from the premise that Alan is a father, because fathers are by definition male.
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Here's an inductive example.
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Jill is a six -year -old girl.
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Therefore, Jill cannot run a mile in one minute flat.
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Now, why is this inductive?
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Well, it's pretty much impossible for Jill or anyone else for that matter to run a mile in one minute flat.
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But it still doesn't follow necessarily from the premise.
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You know, being six years old really has no connection to running a mile and one minute flat or not.
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And because it doesn't follow from the premise, this is an inductive argument.
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Um, A third way to tell deductive from inductive arguments is to look to see if the argument follows a common pattern.
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Arguments tend to follow characteristic telltale patterns of reasoning, which are different in deductive and inductive arguments.
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Here's an example of a pattern of reasoning that is used in deductive arguments: if P, then Q.
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P, therefore Q.
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This is called the modus ponens pattern.
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Here's an example: if George is from Norway, then George is Scandinavian.
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George is from Norway.
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Therefore, George is Scandinavian.
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There are lots of different patterns for both inductive and deductive arguments, and we're going to look at them shortly.
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And finally, the principle of charity test.
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Now, just like in chapter two, when I said that if you're not sure whether someone is putting forth an argument or not, but if they are, it's a bad argument,
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assume that they are just putting forth an explanation.
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In this case, if you just can't tell what kind of argument it is, but if it's a deductive argument, then it's a bad one,
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you might want to assume that it's an inductive argument that does not need to be as precise as a deductive one.
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In this example, Andy told me that he ate a at Maxine's yesterday, but it burned down a month ago.
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It is certain that he was either lying or mistaken.
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Now the arguer uses the indicator word certain, but does not make this a deductive argument.
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No. Plus, the conclusion doesn't necessarily follow from the premise.
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Could there be other reasons why Andy said he ate vaccines?
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Sure, it could have been rebuilt or reopened somewhere else, so you should assume that this is an inductive argument.
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Let's sum up how to distinguish deductive arguments from inductive ones.
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First, if a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, then the argument is deductive.
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If the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises, it should be treated as inductive unless the language
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or context makes it clear that the arguer intended for it to be deductive
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or it has a typically deductive pattern of reasoning.
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And as I said, we're going to talk about those patterns in part two.
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If it has a typically deductive pattern of reasoning, it should be treated as deductive,
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unless there's clear evidence that the arguer intended for it to be inductive.
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Now, if it has a typically inductive pattern of reasoning, it should be treated as inductive,
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unless there's clear evidence that the arguer intended for it to be deductive.
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And of course we have indicator words that might help,
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but they are often used loosely or improperly or maybe not even there at all and,
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when in doubt, use the principle of charity to interpret the argument in the way most favorable to the arguer.
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This is the end of Part 1 of the lecture on Chapter 3.
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Please move on to Part 2.
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Sobre esta lição
Nesta lição, você vai praticar distinguir entre raciocínio dedutivo e indutivo, além de entender a diferença entre lógica e verdade em argumentos. Vamos explorar como avaliar a estrutura de um argumento, independentemente da veracidade de suas premissas, e aprender a identificar os tipos básicos de argumentos. Essas habilidades são essenciais para a prática de conversação em inglês, especialmente ao analisar discursos ou participar de debates.
Vocabulário e frases-chave
- Deductive argument: Argumento dedutivo (que usa lógica rigorosa para chegar a uma única conclusão).
- Inductive argument: Argumento indutivo (que usa evidências para sugerir uma conclusão, mas não a prova necessariamente).
- Premise: Premissa (declaração que suporta a conclusão de um argumento).
- Conclusion: Conclusão (declaração que se segue das premissas).
- Conditional statement: Declaração condicional (frase do tipo "se... então...").
Dicas de prática
Para melhorar sua pronúncia e fluência, use a técnica de shadow speech (imitação imediata) com o vídeo. Repita as frases do professor logo após ele falar, mantendo o mesmo ritmo e tom. Observe como ele enfatiza palavras como "logic" e "truth" para marcar a diferença entre os conceitos. A velocidade do vídeo é moderada, o que facilita a imitação: pause e repita se necessário, focando em manter a fluidez. Essa prática de shadowspeak ajuda a internalizar a estrutura das frases em inglês, especialmente em contextos de explicação. Além disso, quando ouvir exemplos de argumentos, tente identificar as premissas e a conclusão em voz alta – isso fortalecerá sua capacidade de analisar e reproduzir discursos coerentes na prática de conversação em inglês.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is intended · is made · are called |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | you've gotten · has worn · they've covered |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | definition, which is · reasoning, which are |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.