Pratica di Shadowing: bassham ch3pt1 - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
Creazione lezione...
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Hi everybody, this is part one of the lecture to accompany chapter three in your textbook.
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Please carefully read chapter three as there are a lot of great examples
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and illustrations that will help you understand the material and I simply don't have time to address them in this lecture.
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Okay, let's learn how to distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning.
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In the last chapter, you learned what arguments are and how to distinguish them from non -arguments.
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You know that an argument contains at least two statements, and that one of the statements, the conclusion, is intended to be supported or proven by the other statements.
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Now, we're going to focus solely on how to tell a good argument from a bad one.
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In order to evaluate any argument, you should always ask yourself two key questions about that argument.
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The first question is: Do the premises provide good reasons to accept the conclusion?
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And the second question is, are the premises true?
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Now, as strange as this may seem to you, the answer to the last question has absolutely nothing to do with the answer to the first question.
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That's right.
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Logic and truth are two entirely different things.
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Just because something is logical, that doesn't make it true.
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For right now, I want you to put your ideas about what is true aside
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and simply focus on logic and the structure of arguments.
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We will be discussing truth.
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We're not going to ignore it entirely, but you need to understand the concept of good reasons in order to determine
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if an argument follows the correct logical structure or not.
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Let me see if I can make this concept a little clearer for you.
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Here's an argument.
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If the moon is made of green cheese, then you will score perfectly on the next exam.
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The moon is made of green cheese.
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Therefore, you will score perfectly on the next exam.
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Okay, let's look closely at this argument.
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It's made up of two premises and a conclusion.
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The first premise is a conditional statement.
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Remember that you can use those in arguments.
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The second premise is saying that the antecedent of the first statement is true.
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So, since in a conditional statement, if one thing is the case, then the second thing is also the case, the conclusion makes sense.
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Obviously, neither of these premises are true.
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Nevertheless, they provide what are called good reasons to accept the conclusion, because if they were true,
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then the conclusion would also be true.
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Good reasons aren't necessarily true reasons.
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This is something you need to wrap your mind around when looking at arguments.
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The premises don't need to be true for the argument to be structured correctly.
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So hopefully for the moment, at least, you've gotten the idea that truth and logic are not the same thing.
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And right now, we're mostly concerned with logic.
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Again, we're going to add truth back into the discussion later, so don't freak out.
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It's all going to be fine.
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The next thing you need to understand is that there are two basic types of argument: deductive argument and inductive argument.
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In order to really evaluate an argument, you need to know what kind of argument you're looking at.
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They are very different, and you would use different standards to evaluate them.
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Deductive arguments are tempting to prove that their conclusions are correct by using rigorous logic.
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They are leading you to one and only one conclusion.
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In this example, if the President lives in the White House, then the President lives in Washington, D .C.
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The President lives in the White House, therefore the President lives in Washington, D .C.
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The only conclusion that you can draw is that indeed the President lives in Washington, D .C.
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follows necessarily from the premises.
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Based on them, that's the only conclusion that you can come to.
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Inductive arguments, on the other hand, are not quite so precise.
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Inductive reasoning comes to a potentially likely, probable, or possible conclusion based on their premises.
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In this example, "So far, every class our professor has worn jeans.
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Therefore, next class our professor will probably wear jeans."
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The person is arguing that because the professor has worn jeans to every class so far, it's very likely the professor will do it the next class.
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Is the arguer absolutely sure that the professor will wear jeans?
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No, but they've covered their bases by saying probably.
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Even if they didn't say probably, they still know that something else might happen.
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But they're coming to their conclusion based on pretty good evidence.
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It's happened every time so far.
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nice as deductive reasoning.
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So how can you tell whether you're looking at a deductive argument or an inductive one?
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Well, there are several ways.
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First, just like there are certain indicator words that can help you distinguish between the premises and conclusion of an argument,
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there are also indicator words that can help you determine whether the argument is deductive or inductive.
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Because deductive reasoning is more precise, here are some indicator words that point to a deductive argument.
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Certainly, definitely, this entails that, or conclusively, There are other ones, of course, but these are some of the most common.
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Because inductive reasoning is more general and not as precise, words like probably, likely, one would expect,
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the odds are, and reasonable to assume are more likely to be found in them.
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However, as I've said before about indicator words, they are not perfect.
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They may not be present or they might be used incorrectly, as in a speaker saying "it is certain that"
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when really it's not certain and he should have used something like "it's probably true that" or something like that.
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Another way to determine whether it's deductive or inductive is through the strict necessity test.
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An argument's conclusion either follows with strict logical necessity from its premises or it does not.
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If it does, it should be treated as a deductive argument.
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If it doesn't, then it's most likely inductive.
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Here's an example.
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Alan is a father, therefore Alan is a male.
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This is deductive.
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It's actually an argument by definition, which is a form of deductive argument.
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The conclusion that Alan is a male follows necessarily from the premise that Alan is a father, because fathers are by definition male.
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Here's an inductive example.
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Jill is a six -year -old girl.
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Therefore, Jill cannot run a mile in one minute flat.
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Now, why is this inductive?
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Well, it's pretty much impossible for Jill or anyone else for that matter to run a mile in one minute flat.
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But it still doesn't follow necessarily from the premise.
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You know, being six years old really has no connection to running a mile and one minute flat or not.
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And because it doesn't follow from the premise, this is an inductive argument.
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Um, A third way to tell deductive from inductive arguments is to look to see if the argument follows a common pattern.
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Arguments tend to follow characteristic telltale patterns of reasoning, which are different in deductive and inductive arguments.
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Here's an example of a pattern of reasoning that is used in deductive arguments: if P, then Q.
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P, therefore Q.
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This is called the modus ponens pattern.
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Here's an example: if George is from Norway, then George is Scandinavian.
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George is from Norway.
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Therefore, George is Scandinavian.
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There are lots of different patterns for both inductive and deductive arguments, and we're going to look at them shortly.
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And finally, the principle of charity test.
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Now, just like in chapter two, when I said that if you're not sure whether someone is putting forth an argument or not, but if they are, it's a bad argument,
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assume that they are just putting forth an explanation.
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In this case, if you just can't tell what kind of argument it is, but if it's a deductive argument, then it's a bad one,
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you might want to assume that it's an inductive argument that does not need to be as precise as a deductive one.
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In this example, Andy told me that he ate a at Maxine's yesterday, but it burned down a month ago.
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It is certain that he was either lying or mistaken.
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Now the arguer uses the indicator word certain, but does not make this a deductive argument.
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No. Plus, the conclusion doesn't necessarily follow from the premise.
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Could there be other reasons why Andy said he ate vaccines?
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Sure, it could have been rebuilt or reopened somewhere else, so you should assume that this is an inductive argument.
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Let's sum up how to distinguish deductive arguments from inductive ones.
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First, if a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, then the argument is deductive.
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If the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises, it should be treated as inductive unless the language
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or context makes it clear that the arguer intended for it to be deductive
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or it has a typically deductive pattern of reasoning.
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And as I said, we're going to talk about those patterns in part two.
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If it has a typically deductive pattern of reasoning, it should be treated as deductive,
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unless there's clear evidence that the arguer intended for it to be inductive.
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Now, if it has a typically inductive pattern of reasoning, it should be treated as inductive,
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unless there's clear evidence that the arguer intended for it to be deductive.
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And of course we have indicator words that might help,
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but they are often used loosely or improperly or maybe not even there at all and,
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when in doubt, use the principle of charity to interpret the argument in the way most favorable to the arguer.
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This is the end of Part 1 of the lecture on Chapter 3.
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Please move on to Part 2.
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Cose che imparerai
Questo video ti aiuterà a rafforzare due abilità cruciali per la pratica di conversazione in inglese: capire la struttura logica degli argomenti e distinguere tra ragionamento deduttivo e induttivo. Inoltre, migliorerai la capacità di seguire un discorso tecnico in inglese, utile per discussioni formali o accademiche. Queste competenze non solo rafforzano la tua comprensione, ma anche la tua capacità di esprimerti in modo chiaro e coerente.
Ascolta questi suoni
Nella registrazione, nota come il parlante usa la connected speech (parola collegata) in frasi come "if the moon is made of green cheese" – l' "if" si fonde leggermente con "the", creando un flusso più naturale. Inoltre, ci sono riduzioni come "don't" invece di "do not" e "it's" per "it is", tipiche del parlato quotidiano. Ascolta anche l'intonazione: sale leggermente nelle domande retoriche, come "Now, as strange as this may seem to you...", per mantenere l'attenzione dell'ascoltatore.
Parla come un madrelingua
Per imitare il ritmo e l'accento del parlante, usa la tecnica del shadowing in inglese (o "shadow speak"): ripeti immediatamente dopo di lui, cercando di seguire la sua velocità e l'emphasi. Ad esempio, nella frase "Good reasons aren't necessarily true reasons", metti l'accento su "Good", "necessarily" e "true" per sottolineare il contrasto. Nota anche come il parlante pausa dopo punti chiave, come "Okay, let's learn..." o "Now, we're going to focus...", per dare tempo all'ascoltatore di processare l'informazione. Ripetendo queste pause e l'emphasi, la tua pronuncia diventerà più naturale e la tua conversazione più fluida. Ricorda: la chiave è non solo dire le parole, ma anche seguire il flusso e l'intonazione per comunicare con chiarezza, come fa un madrelingua.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.