Prática de Shadowing: The 21st century brain - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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- What happened?
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Hello, I'm Dr Hannah Critchlow.
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I'm a fellow here at Magdalen College, Cambridge University.
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I've been researching the 21st century brain and how we can all future -proof our minds in the age of AI.
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I would say no, because embedded within our brains is this incredible mechanism called synaptic plasticity.
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If we skip back in our species history, then similarly in the 21st century BC, humanity was undergoing a big evolutionary shift.
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There was the widespread use of the written word.
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We were also using metals to develop incredible tools, including weapons.
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and we were starting to live in more city -like states.
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If we now skip forward to today, the 21st century AD, We similarly seem to have been compelled to develop incredible technologies
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that allow us to communicate with one another across the globe as never before.
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The invention of the internet, social media, even the development of artificial intelligent technologies
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that have been very much inspired on understanding of how our own neural networks operate to create human intelligence.
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We've developed these technologies that allow us to share our perspectives, share our knowledge, across generations and across the world.
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And I would say that our ability
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To have this synaptic plasticity within our brain that allows us to learn from our environment, to remember new things and behave in new ways so
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that we can innovate and problem solve
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and evolve into the future will again help us to thrive into the 21st century and beyond.
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Now traditionally, societies and scientists really thought that our species' success was underpinned by our ability to be logical,
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to reason and to be rational.
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And actually our emotions were this sloppy hysterical thing that really we should try to control or quash or ignore.
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Increasingly, scientists and society are starting to appreciate how our emotions actually bring with them lots of layers of additional information.
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And they can be used as guides to help us with our decision making.
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So we know, for example, now, that our emotional intelligence is the number one predictor for our life success and satisfaction levels.
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And scientists have increasingly been able to study this incredibly complex behaviour of emotional intelligence and empathy,
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and we now have tools to start to measure it more precisely.
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And what we're finding from the scientific studies is that emotional intelligence is not very heritable.
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So it's got a heritability level of around 10 to 45%, meaning
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that the genes that we've been given from our mum and dad actually don't play a big component in this complex behaviour.
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Now this means that our environment, the society we're in, plays a big major role in shaping our emotional intelligence.
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And this also brings with it good news because it means that we can all enhance or elevate our emotional intelligence,
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regardless of the genes that we've been given from our mum and from our dad.
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So, how do we do this?
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Well, simple things like, for example, looking each other in the eye directly.
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We can also practice self -compassion, so spend time listening to our own emotions and actually trying to use them to help us to guide our behaviour.
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We can also spend time reading fiction books, which place us in other people's worlds, help us to learn about other people's perspectives and the journeys that they go on.
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And in fact, there's medical schools in America that have introduced humanity classes
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that are essential for their students to help develop their emotional intelligence and empathy skills.
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We can even feed our emotional intelligence.
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There was a lovely study that was published recently where they took a hundred volunteers and half of them,
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they actually fed them with prebiotics and probiotics just for a small number of weeks
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and that helped to enhance their altruistic behaviour.
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So they were much more likely to act with other people in mind, creating a much more egalitarian state.
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-Hum.
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Now, leaders have to make sometimes very difficult decisions, and it helps them not to be too swayed by everybody else's situation.
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And unfortunately, As we've all seen, this can sometimes go too far in the wrong direction.
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Now, embedded within our nervous system are these very clever mechanisms that help leaders to make these difficult decisions.
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So for example, if you're in a position of power, your mirror neuron circuits, which are nerve cells within the brain,
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that are thought to be involved in our ability to imitate one another and to have empathy for others.
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These nerve cells actually start to quieten down with electrical activity when people are in a position of power.
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Now there's a lot of information from the outside world
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and from the people around us that we don't actually store within our brains.
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We store that knowledge within our peripheral nervous system and particularly from the nerve cells in the gut and in the heart.
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I don't know whether you've ever had a gut feeling about something or a heart flicker.
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That's those nerve cells that live there sending a little signal up via the vagus nerve,
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which is a cable or a bundle of nerve cells that runs all the way from those organs up to the brain, and to a particular region called the insula,
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which is involved in monitoring the information from your body and also the knowledge and the people and the environment around you.
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And when you're in a position of power, there's a dampening down of that vagal nerve sensitivity,
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which means that you're less able to take on board that knowledge from the outside world, and use it in your decision making.
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Now, is there anything that we can do to help combat this impact of power on the nervous system?
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So that we can immunize its negative effects, if you like?
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Well, yes, thankfully there does seem to be.
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So, for example, if we just spend 30 seconds every day doing some exercises to get our heart rate up,
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Then spend the next 30 seconds listening to that strong heart beat and really tuning into it.
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And if we do this for just a small number of weeks,
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it can help us to get into the habit of listening to our peripheral nervous system and listening to that collective knowledge,
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that wisdom from the outside world, that's being stored in that embodied cognition.
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Thank you.
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We might be finding it increasingly difficult to think with clarity and precision.
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There is no doubt lots going on in our environment in the current day.
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However, there are some key ways that we can help our brain to focus and think clearly and not get overwhelmed.
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So for example, making sure that we eat healthily so our brain is getting the nutrients that it needs, and so that we're not filling our diets with processed food
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that actually lack that nutritional value that our bodies and brains are sometimes screaming for.
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Also making sure that we sleep so
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that we can help to consolidate what we've learned from the day before into nice stable memories
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so that we can form new habits in behaviour.
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And so we know that if we exercise regularly, then that helps to create new nerve cells within the brain,
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particularly the hippocampus, which is a key region of the brain involved in learning
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and memory and helping us to navigate our environment.
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So that advice all seems very intuitive.
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It's things that we all really know already to be true.
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But more recently, there's some new neuroscience knowledge that's coming out that can similarly help us to make the right decisions.
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21st century brain, I went to James Cook University to meet with Professor Zoltan Skorny.
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He's leading one of the world's largest randomised controlled trials, looking at how our diet can influence our ability to think clearly and with precision.
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He's looking at one extreme end of the spectrum for this behaviour.
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And I met with some of the patients that are on the trial.
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They've been diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar.
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So conditions that are very much characterised by very chaotic
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disorganized thought that might result in hallucinations or delusions and a difficulty creating reality.
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And he's found that simply changing their diet can have a profound impact on their ability to think clearly and with precision.
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effectively removing their debilitating symptoms.
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It's incredibly important for groups of brains or groups of people to work together well.
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And scientists have started to recently study exactly how that magic can happen in the brain.
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If we hook up individuals to an EEG machine so that we're measuring the electrical activity within their brains, we can see
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that the degree of brain synchronicity between the individuals in the team can actually be used to predict how well
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that group of people works are working together.
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if they're learning from each other.
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if they're building consensus, if they're having dissent but without conflict.
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if they're allowing ideas to hop from mind to mind so that they can innovate and problem -solve effectively, then you can see this within the brain.
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The degree of brain synchronicity,
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so those electrical traces lining up with each other between brains can predict how well a group of people are working together.
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So knowing this, is there anything that we can do to help boost a team's performance fire their brain synchronicity.
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Yes, So it's simple things that again we know intuitively to be true.
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So if we look each other in the eye directly, That helps to boost brain synchronicity.
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If we do simple things like sing with each other.
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And that helps to increase brain synchronicity.
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And if we look throughout our species history, embedded across many different religions across the globe, we see rituals of chanting,
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of singing together and praying together.
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Skills that help to boost that brain synchronicity, helping us to bond.
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We also know that exercising together helps increase brain synchronicity, and as does being in a positive mood.
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And in fact, we can even predict within 30 seconds of a group of strangers coming together, who's going to be the leader of the group,
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by looking at the degree of brain synchronicity they exhibit.
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So those that fall in line with others and sometimes lead
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that dance of brain synchronicity are much more likely to be the leaders of the group.
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Now our brains, as clever as they are, they basically operate as prediction machines.
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So they like to
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process information from the outside world and then predict what's going on and then create an output which is our behaviour.
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Now, to put this in numbers, something like 11 million bits of data enters our senses every single second.
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It's a vast amount of information, but we're only consciously aware of something in the region of 40 bits per second.
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So a huge amount of information we discard, we don't prioritise and we're not consciously aware of.
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And our brains have to do this so that we can actually keep up with reality.
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Otherwise we might effectively just blow a fuse.
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So in order for our brains to do this we basically create shortcuts in our thinking.
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We use our past to create a lens of expectation for how we want to interact and navigate through the world.
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This creates biases or assumptions within our brain.
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It creates shortcuts in our information processing, so that we can function effectively.
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When you're dealing with a new situation, when there's a lot of uncertainty and ambiguity in your environment, your brain struggles to predict.
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It doesn't really know what's going on and it has to analyse lots of new data at the same time.
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And if there's a lot of ambiguity or uncertainty in our environment,
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our brain has to work incredibly hard to do all the metabolic work in order to have the agility
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and the nimbleness to think our way through this new situation.
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The one thing that we do know for sure though, is that none of us predict our futures.
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We have uncertainty all the time in our environment.
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We don't know what tomorrow will bring, let alone the next month or the next year.
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So how do we increase our tolerance for it?
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Well, making sure that our nervous system isn't feeling too stressed. or fearful.
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So for example, simple things like breathing.
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Breathing in for four seconds.
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Thank you and then exhaling for four seconds.
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and tracing the shape of a box.
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with each breath.
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and doing a few iterations of that can help calm the nervous system.
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We know that a small amount of stress is actually quite good for our brains.
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It increases the flexibility or the plasticity in the brain.
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but chronic amounts of stress feeling fear, feeling very much frightened of our environment.
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can actually cause neurotoxicity.
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IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF A strips connections in the brain, And it can also, in severe cases, cause nerve cells to die.
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It can also decrease the rate of neurogenesis.
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so that not as many new nerve cells are being born in the brain to help us to learn
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and remember in new ways.
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So it's really important for us to approach uncertainty and ambiguity, with feelings of possibility rather than fear or doom.
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And see, opportunity within these situations rather than simply being frightened.
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So we seem to have been compelled to develop these incredible technologies going back to the 21st century BC
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when the written word was coming into widespread use.
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to nowadays where we have increasing numbers of technologies that allow us to share our perspective,
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to allow us to share our information and our knowledge about the world with others.
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The internet, the development of social media, the development of artificial intelligence systems that allow us to trawl through vast data sets
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and see patterns to change our perspective of the world and how we understand it.
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All of these technologies have arisen from the human mind.
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And all of them, I would argue, help us to connect.
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on a deeper level.
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This ability of ours, this drive of ours to connect with one another, seems to have underpinned our species' success in the past.
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but also in the future.
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And many researchers believe
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that we're undergoing a massive evolutionary transition towards creating a hyper -connected organic computer if you like or a human hive mind,
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allowing us to share our ideas and to innovate and to share our perspective and knowledge like never before.
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And I think amongst all of this technological developments, we have to really value our ability to connect with others on a human level.
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Two of the communities that I've been very much lucky to be involved in is the houseboat community on the River Cam,
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and also the college community here at Magdalen at Cambridge University.
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And there, there is a real sense of human connection, of valuing each other's intelligence of being challenged by different perspectives.
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and actually helping to move are thinking forwards as a result.
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Por que praticar a conversação com este vídeo?
Praticar a conversação em inglês com o vídeo "O cérebro do século XXI" de Dr. Hannah Critchlow oferece uma excelente oportunidade para aprimorar suas habilidades de fala. Neste contexto, você não apenas aprenderá vocabulário e expressões técnicas ligadas às ciências, mas também desenvolverá sua capacidade de articular ideias complexas sobre inteligência emocional e inovação. A prática de shadow speech (fala em sombra) com esse vídeo permite que você imite a entonação e a pronúncia da falante, facilitando a internalização do idioma e melhorando sua fluência.
Gramática e Expressões em Contexto
A análise de algumas estruturas-chave usadas pela Dr. Critchlow pode enriquecer seu entendimento da língua inglesa:
- "Our species' success was underpinned by..." - Esta estrutura é um exemplo de como usar o passado simples para descrever causas e efeitos, fundamental para narrativas em inglês.
- "Our ability to learn from our environment..." - O uso da forma verbal "to be able to" expressa a capacidade de realizar ações, uma construção comum.
- "Scientists are starting to appreciate..." - Aqui vemos o uso do presente contínuo para descrever ações que estão em progresso, útil para conversas atuais.
- "Emotional intelligence is not very heritable." - Um exemplo de como utilizar o advérbio "not" para expressar negação em contextos científicos.
Armadilhas Comuns de Pronúncia
A pronúncia pode ser desafiadora, especialmente em termos técnicos. Estar atento a algumas palavras e frases pode melhorar sua clareza ao falar:
- "Synaptic plasticity" - O som de "synaptic" pode ser difícil; certifique-se de pronunciar o "syn" claramente.
- "Emotional intelligence" - A conexão entre as palavras pode levar a erros; tente pausas sutis entre "emotional" e "intelligence".
- "Altruistic behavior" - A pronúncia de "altruistic" é frequentemente descomplicada, mas atenção ao "altru-", que pode ser confundido.
Ao incorporar essa prática ao seu shadowing site, você estará se colocando em situações reais de conversação. Praticar com vídeos como esse, que estimulam a reflexão e a empatia, é essencial para quem deseja aprender inglês com Youtube.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have been · We've developed · we've been given |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | have been compelled · was underpinned · we've been given |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | circuits, which are · hippocampus, which is · output which is |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.