Pratique du Shadowing: The 21st century brain - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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173 phrases
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- What happened?
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Hello, I'm Dr Hannah Critchlow.
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I'm a fellow here at Magdalen College, Cambridge University.
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I've been researching the 21st century brain and how we can all future -proof our minds in the age of AI.
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I would say no, because embedded within our brains is this incredible mechanism called synaptic plasticity.
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If we skip back in our species history, then similarly in the 21st century BC, humanity was undergoing a big evolutionary shift.
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There was the widespread use of the written word.
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We were also using metals to develop incredible tools, including weapons.
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and we were starting to live in more city -like states.
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If we now skip forward to today, the 21st century AD, We similarly seem to have been compelled to develop incredible technologies
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that allow us to communicate with one another across the globe as never before.
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The invention of the internet, social media, even the development of artificial intelligent technologies
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that have been very much inspired on understanding of how our own neural networks operate to create human intelligence.
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We've developed these technologies that allow us to share our perspectives, share our knowledge, across generations and across the world.
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And I would say that our ability
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To have this synaptic plasticity within our brain that allows us to learn from our environment, to remember new things and behave in new ways so
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that we can innovate and problem solve
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and evolve into the future will again help us to thrive into the 21st century and beyond.
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Now traditionally, societies and scientists really thought that our species' success was underpinned by our ability to be logical,
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to reason and to be rational.
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And actually our emotions were this sloppy hysterical thing that really we should try to control or quash or ignore.
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Increasingly, scientists and society are starting to appreciate how our emotions actually bring with them lots of layers of additional information.
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And they can be used as guides to help us with our decision making.
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So we know, for example, now, that our emotional intelligence is the number one predictor for our life success and satisfaction levels.
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And scientists have increasingly been able to study this incredibly complex behaviour of emotional intelligence and empathy,
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and we now have tools to start to measure it more precisely.
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And what we're finding from the scientific studies is that emotional intelligence is not very heritable.
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So it's got a heritability level of around 10 to 45%, meaning
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that the genes that we've been given from our mum and dad actually don't play a big component in this complex behaviour.
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Now this means that our environment, the society we're in, plays a big major role in shaping our emotional intelligence.
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And this also brings with it good news because it means that we can all enhance or elevate our emotional intelligence,
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regardless of the genes that we've been given from our mum and from our dad.
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So, how do we do this?
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Well, simple things like, for example, looking each other in the eye directly.
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We can also practice self -compassion, so spend time listening to our own emotions and actually trying to use them to help us to guide our behaviour.
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We can also spend time reading fiction books, which place us in other people's worlds, help us to learn about other people's perspectives and the journeys that they go on.
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And in fact, there's medical schools in America that have introduced humanity classes
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that are essential for their students to help develop their emotional intelligence and empathy skills.
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We can even feed our emotional intelligence.
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There was a lovely study that was published recently where they took a hundred volunteers and half of them,
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they actually fed them with prebiotics and probiotics just for a small number of weeks
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and that helped to enhance their altruistic behaviour.
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So they were much more likely to act with other people in mind, creating a much more egalitarian state.
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-Hum.
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Now, leaders have to make sometimes very difficult decisions, and it helps them not to be too swayed by everybody else's situation.
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And unfortunately, As we've all seen, this can sometimes go too far in the wrong direction.
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Now, embedded within our nervous system are these very clever mechanisms that help leaders to make these difficult decisions.
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So for example, if you're in a position of power, your mirror neuron circuits, which are nerve cells within the brain,
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that are thought to be involved in our ability to imitate one another and to have empathy for others.
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These nerve cells actually start to quieten down with electrical activity when people are in a position of power.
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Now there's a lot of information from the outside world
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and from the people around us that we don't actually store within our brains.
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We store that knowledge within our peripheral nervous system and particularly from the nerve cells in the gut and in the heart.
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I don't know whether you've ever had a gut feeling about something or a heart flicker.
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That's those nerve cells that live there sending a little signal up via the vagus nerve,
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which is a cable or a bundle of nerve cells that runs all the way from those organs up to the brain, and to a particular region called the insula,
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which is involved in monitoring the information from your body and also the knowledge and the people and the environment around you.
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And when you're in a position of power, there's a dampening down of that vagal nerve sensitivity,
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which means that you're less able to take on board that knowledge from the outside world, and use it in your decision making.
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Now, is there anything that we can do to help combat this impact of power on the nervous system?
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So that we can immunize its negative effects, if you like?
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Well, yes, thankfully there does seem to be.
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So, for example, if we just spend 30 seconds every day doing some exercises to get our heart rate up,
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Then spend the next 30 seconds listening to that strong heart beat and really tuning into it.
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And if we do this for just a small number of weeks,
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it can help us to get into the habit of listening to our peripheral nervous system and listening to that collective knowledge,
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that wisdom from the outside world, that's being stored in that embodied cognition.
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Thank you.
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We might be finding it increasingly difficult to think with clarity and precision.
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There is no doubt lots going on in our environment in the current day.
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However, there are some key ways that we can help our brain to focus and think clearly and not get overwhelmed.
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So for example, making sure that we eat healthily so our brain is getting the nutrients that it needs, and so that we're not filling our diets with processed food
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that actually lack that nutritional value that our bodies and brains are sometimes screaming for.
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Also making sure that we sleep so
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that we can help to consolidate what we've learned from the day before into nice stable memories
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so that we can form new habits in behaviour.
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And so we know that if we exercise regularly, then that helps to create new nerve cells within the brain,
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particularly the hippocampus, which is a key region of the brain involved in learning
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and memory and helping us to navigate our environment.
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So that advice all seems very intuitive.
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It's things that we all really know already to be true.
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But more recently, there's some new neuroscience knowledge that's coming out that can similarly help us to make the right decisions.
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21st century brain, I went to James Cook University to meet with Professor Zoltan Skorny.
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He's leading one of the world's largest randomised controlled trials, looking at how our diet can influence our ability to think clearly and with precision.
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He's looking at one extreme end of the spectrum for this behaviour.
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And I met with some of the patients that are on the trial.
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They've been diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar.
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So conditions that are very much characterised by very chaotic
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disorganized thought that might result in hallucinations or delusions and a difficulty creating reality.
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And he's found that simply changing their diet can have a profound impact on their ability to think clearly and with precision.
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effectively removing their debilitating symptoms.
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It's incredibly important for groups of brains or groups of people to work together well.
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And scientists have started to recently study exactly how that magic can happen in the brain.
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If we hook up individuals to an EEG machine so that we're measuring the electrical activity within their brains, we can see
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that the degree of brain synchronicity between the individuals in the team can actually be used to predict how well
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that group of people works are working together.
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if they're learning from each other.
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if they're building consensus, if they're having dissent but without conflict.
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if they're allowing ideas to hop from mind to mind so that they can innovate and problem -solve effectively, then you can see this within the brain.
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The degree of brain synchronicity,
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so those electrical traces lining up with each other between brains can predict how well a group of people are working together.
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So knowing this, is there anything that we can do to help boost a team's performance fire their brain synchronicity.
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Yes, So it's simple things that again we know intuitively to be true.
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So if we look each other in the eye directly, That helps to boost brain synchronicity.
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If we do simple things like sing with each other.
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And that helps to increase brain synchronicity.
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And if we look throughout our species history, embedded across many different religions across the globe, we see rituals of chanting,
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of singing together and praying together.
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Skills that help to boost that brain synchronicity, helping us to bond.
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We also know that exercising together helps increase brain synchronicity, and as does being in a positive mood.
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And in fact, we can even predict within 30 seconds of a group of strangers coming together, who's going to be the leader of the group,
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by looking at the degree of brain synchronicity they exhibit.
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So those that fall in line with others and sometimes lead
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that dance of brain synchronicity are much more likely to be the leaders of the group.
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Now our brains, as clever as they are, they basically operate as prediction machines.
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So they like to
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process information from the outside world and then predict what's going on and then create an output which is our behaviour.
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Now, to put this in numbers, something like 11 million bits of data enters our senses every single second.
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It's a vast amount of information, but we're only consciously aware of something in the region of 40 bits per second.
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So a huge amount of information we discard, we don't prioritise and we're not consciously aware of.
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And our brains have to do this so that we can actually keep up with reality.
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Otherwise we might effectively just blow a fuse.
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So in order for our brains to do this we basically create shortcuts in our thinking.
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We use our past to create a lens of expectation for how we want to interact and navigate through the world.
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This creates biases or assumptions within our brain.
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It creates shortcuts in our information processing, so that we can function effectively.
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When you're dealing with a new situation, when there's a lot of uncertainty and ambiguity in your environment, your brain struggles to predict.
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It doesn't really know what's going on and it has to analyse lots of new data at the same time.
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And if there's a lot of ambiguity or uncertainty in our environment,
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our brain has to work incredibly hard to do all the metabolic work in order to have the agility
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and the nimbleness to think our way through this new situation.
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The one thing that we do know for sure though, is that none of us predict our futures.
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We have uncertainty all the time in our environment.
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We don't know what tomorrow will bring, let alone the next month or the next year.
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So how do we increase our tolerance for it?
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Well, making sure that our nervous system isn't feeling too stressed. or fearful.
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So for example, simple things like breathing.
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Breathing in for four seconds.
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Thank you and then exhaling for four seconds.
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and tracing the shape of a box.
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with each breath.
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and doing a few iterations of that can help calm the nervous system.
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We know that a small amount of stress is actually quite good for our brains.
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It increases the flexibility or the plasticity in the brain.
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but chronic amounts of stress feeling fear, feeling very much frightened of our environment.
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can actually cause neurotoxicity.
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IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF A strips connections in the brain, And it can also, in severe cases, cause nerve cells to die.
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It can also decrease the rate of neurogenesis.
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so that not as many new nerve cells are being born in the brain to help us to learn
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and remember in new ways.
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So it's really important for us to approach uncertainty and ambiguity, with feelings of possibility rather than fear or doom.
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And see, opportunity within these situations rather than simply being frightened.
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So we seem to have been compelled to develop these incredible technologies going back to the 21st century BC
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when the written word was coming into widespread use.
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to nowadays where we have increasing numbers of technologies that allow us to share our perspective,
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to allow us to share our information and our knowledge about the world with others.
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The internet, the development of social media, the development of artificial intelligence systems that allow us to trawl through vast data sets
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and see patterns to change our perspective of the world and how we understand it.
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All of these technologies have arisen from the human mind.
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And all of them, I would argue, help us to connect.
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on a deeper level.
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This ability of ours, this drive of ours to connect with one another, seems to have underpinned our species' success in the past.
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but also in the future.
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And many researchers believe
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that we're undergoing a massive evolutionary transition towards creating a hyper -connected organic computer if you like or a human hive mind,
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allowing us to share our ideas and to innovate and to share our perspective and knowledge like never before.
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And I think amongst all of this technological developments, we have to really value our ability to connect with others on a human level.
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Two of the communities that I've been very much lucky to be involved in is the houseboat community on the River Cam,
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and also the college community here at Magdalen at Cambridge University.
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And there, there is a real sense of human connection, of valuing each other's intelligence of being challenged by different perspectives.
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and actually helping to move are thinking forwards as a result.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « The 21st century brain ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : brain, nerve, intelligence. Cette vidéo contient 173 phrases et 2521 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 16:57. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 149 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 84 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| synchronicity nom | synchronicité | |
| predict verbe | /pɹɪˈdɪkt/ | prédire |
| uncertainty nom | /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ | incertitude |
| ambiguity nom | /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/ | ambiguïté |
| embed verbe | /ɪmˈbɛd/ | insérer, encastrer |
| innovate verbe | /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/ | innover |
| plasticity nom | /ˌplæs.ˈtɪs.ɪ.ti/ | plasticité |
| empathy nom | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | empathie |
| precision nom | /pɹɪˈsɪʒ.ən/ | précision |
| compel verbe | /kəmˈpɛl/ | contraindre, forcer |
| frighten verbe | /ˈfɹaɪ.tən/ | effrayer, redouter |
| shortcut nom | /ˈʃɔːtkʌt/ | raccourci |
| synaptic adjectif | /sɪˈnæp.tɪk/ | synaptique |
| underpin verbe | /ˌʌn.dəˈpɪn/ | étayer |
| consciously adverbe | consciemment |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come out verbe | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | sortir |
| come together verbe | /ˈkʌm tʊˈɡɛðɚ/ | affluer, s’assembler |
| keep up with verbe | aller de pair avec |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have been · We've developed · we've been given |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | have been compelled · was underpinned · we've been given |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | circuits, which are · hippocampus, which is · output which is |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 33 contractions et formes réduites, comme we're, don't, we've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, thrive /θɹajv/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: precision /pɹɪˈsɪʒ.ən/, shortcut /ˈʃɔːtkʌt/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, cognition /kɑɡˈnɪʃ.ən/, delusion /dɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, ambiguity /æm.bɪˈɡjuː.ɪ.ti/, plasticity /ˌplæs.ˈtɪs.ɪ.ti/, peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: enhance /ɪnˈhæns/, exhale /ˌɛksˈheɪ̯l/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, heritable /ˈhɛɹɪtəbəl/, hippocampus /ˌhɪpə(ʊ)ˈkæm.pəs/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: agility /əˈd͡ʒɪl.ɪ.ti/, chant /t͡ʃænt/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: predict /pɹɪˈdɪkt/, precision /pɹɪˈsɪʒ.ən/, frighten /ˈfɹaɪ.tən/, peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme synchronicity, predict, uncertainty.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.