Prática de Shadowing: The Sun Is Weirder Than You Think - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Criando lição...
1
If you dove into the sun, the first layer you'd hit is hot enough to make diamonds boil.
2
If you keep going, you're passing through churning bubbles the size of France.
3
And then you're lost in a zone so dense that light itself takes 170 ,000 years to escape.
4
And you're still not at the place where it unleashes enough energy to power all life on Earth.
5
Right now, we're in a golden age of new solar science.
6
We're getting close -up pictures of the sun's surface in more detail than ever before, sending probes into its atmosphere,
7
and revealing secrets about our star we never thought possible.
8
Trust me, after this video, you'll never look up at the sun the same way.
9
So let me take you on a journey into the sun.
10
This episode was made possible by AT &T, the official connectivity partner of Huge If True.
11
A lot of people picture the sun as a giant ball of fire, but that's totally wrong.
12
There's nothing actually burning up there.
13
Imagine you and I get into a magical spaceship and blast off toward the sun.
14
As soon as we get about six times Earth's diameter away, our little ship is starting to detect something.
15
We think we're on a journey into the sun, but really, is it true to say that in some sense we are inside the sun right now?
16
Oh, 100%.
17
That is the head of heliophysics at NASA.
18
He's in charge of all of NASA's research on the sun.
19
And he's saying, if you zoom out to see our whole solar system, and then zoom a little bit further,
20
you'd see that our sun's outer atmosphere actually swallows Earth and then keeps going.
21
This is the heliosphere, and it's huge.
22
It goes about a hundred times farther than the distance between Earth and the sun.
23
We are living not just with a star, but living in a star's atmosphere, which is pretty cool.
24
As we fly through it, we see that the heliosphere is made of the sun blasting out these charged particles more
25
and more as we fly toward it.
26
From here, Here we can see so much cool tech that humans have sent to study the sun before us.
27
We already passed around 40 satellites orbiting Earth studying the sun.
28
And now we're speeding past a very special one.
29
This is the Solar Dynamics Observatory.
30
It's snapping pictures of the sun in all these different wavelengths.
31
It's one of the biggest data sets that we have at NASA.
32
And it's frankly the beating heart of watching the sun every day and its activity and its changes.
33
But we keep going closer.
34
And there are still two spacecraft ahead of us.
35
The two of them are Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe.
36
Solar Orbiter is a big deal because it took the first -ever pictures of the Sun's South Pole.
37
For scale, here's how big the Earth would be in this video.
38
But only one spacecraft has ever gone into the Sun's inner atmosphere.
39
At this point, our little ship is starting to feel more of the Sun's effects.
40
Uh, that can't be good.
41
But we need to keep going, because the Sun is way farther away than most people think.
42
If you paused the whole solar system at the closest point with a normal walking pace,
43
it would take you over 3 ,000 years to reach the Sun.
44
You could line up all of the planets between the Earth and the Sun 374 times.
45
But it's not just the distance that's the problem.
46
The Earth is rapidly moving sideways compared to the Sun.
47
So to get there, we have to cancel that out, which would take more energy than it would take to escape the entire solar system.
48
That's why when NASA sent the Parker Solar Probe, it took over six years to spiral inward until 2021,
49
when it crossed into the corona.
50
This is the sun's inner atmosphere.
51
It's the part that you see during a solar eclipse, and it's beautiful.
52
But up close, it's terrifying.
53
When Parker first crossed into it, the probe was still about nine times farther from the sun than the sun itself is wide.
54
But Parker's been making passes closer and closer, faster and faster ever since.
55
It's now the fastest object humans have ever made.
56
It could get from London to Paris in two seconds.
57
But funny enough, the scientists who made it don't actually like that.
58
And I don't like it.
59
I would like to slow down.
60
I want Parker to spend as much time as possible very close to the sun
61
so we can get all the wealth of the data.
62
The data suggests that our sun's corona is over a million degrees Celsius.
63
How is the Parker Solar Probe not melting?
64
In some sense, this is not a real temperature.
65
To actually feel the heat, you're going to need a lot more particles.
66
Turns out that commonly cited number is sort of a lie.
67
The charged particles that make up the corona are moving insanely fast, and how fast particles are moving is what we're really measuring when we say temperature.
68
But lucky for Parker, there are very few of those particles.
69
In fact, so few that the scientists who built Parker don't really care about these particles that much.
70
We are not worried about it.
71
We can actually sneak out instruments into that flow and it doesn't do anything.
72
The heat they do worry about is the same heat and energy that we use here on Earth, Earth, which comes from the light itself.
73
The only thing that really hurts Parker is when the solar surface heat, like this big radiating lamp, can shine directly on the sensitive parts.
74
Light, or more specifically photons, carries the sun's energy across the vacuum of space toward us.
75
But this close?
76
Sunlight is hundreds of times more intense than it is on Earth.
77
That's why Parker hides all of its scientific equipment behind this very thick heat shield.
78
They would do these demos on this carbon -carbon composite.
79
You'd take a blowtorch, and you would hold it there as long as you wanted, and then ask everybody to touch the back of the darn thing, and the back was ice cold.
80
As it flew through the corona, Parker recorded something incredible.
81
Sounds coming from the sun.
82
There were these chirping sounds, and this weird sound, and these hissing sounds.
83
But if you're thinking, hey, you can't hear things in space, there's no air, you're right.
84
These sounds are actually electric and magnetic waves that scientists then converted into sound waves.
85
They're the sounds of intense solar wind from those same charged particles
86
that the sun is constantly blasting out to create the heliosphere.
87
The whooshing sound comes from changes in the speed of that solar wind.
88
The layered pitches represent changes in the temperature.
89
When it gets hotter, the pitch gets higher.
90
And when there's a particularly big explosion called a solar storm, everything gets louder.
91
Those solar storms can get really dangerous for us on Earth.
92
And scientists today say that we should be getting ready for a big one soon.
93
In 1859, the Sun released a large blast of particles that shot out and raced toward the Earth.
94
It took under a day to travel over 150 million kilometers and slam into our planet, causing the largest solar storm ever recorded.
95
It resulted in dark red northern lights that could be seen as far as the tropics.
96
Luckily, on Earth, life is protected by our own magnetic field.
97
It deflects most of those charged particles.
98
So these storms don't affect life on Earth, but they do affect technology.
99
The sun goes through cycles of activity that last about 11 years.
100
If the sun cycle is at the top of this graph.
101
It basically means that it's throwing a tantrum.
102
It's got flares and eruptions and storms, lots of charged particles coming at us.
103
If it's at the bottom, it's basically napping.
104
Today, we're about here, and we've been seeing visible signs of it.
105
Quite frightening, isn't it?
106
That's one reason why studying the sun is so crucial, both for our future on Earth and for our future in space.
107
Because on the Moon or Mars, there's no strong magnetic field to hide behind.
108
So off -world, these storms could mean dangerous doses of radiation.
109
We're going to establish a moon base, we're going to put boots on Mars.
110
I want to be able to tell them, you can go on Expedition X for this many hours,
111
days, and be able to say with confidence that they're going to be able to do that without risking their lives.
112
The Parker Solar Probe could only get here, but our ship is magically protected.
113
So we're going deeper.
114
As our ship approaches the surface, we notice something very weird.
115
Wait, why is it getting colder?
116
To go further, it's time to breach the surface of the sun.
117
This is the photosphere.
118
Particles here are moving slower, so it's actually a cooler temperature.
119
Here, the temperature is 5 ,500 degrees Celsius, hot enough to boil diamonds.
120
So atoms are getting ripped apart into plasma.
121
And all around you is boiling and roiling bubbles of gas constantly moving.
122
And we just got the most detailed look ever.
123
These extreme close -ups were taken by the newest and most powerful solar ground telescope in the world.
124
What's truly crazy is the scale in these images.
125
You could fit.. the entire earth right here.
126
In this photo, each of these bubbles is the size of France,
127
and sometimes you might see a sunspot, darker, cooler, and whiter than our whole planet.
128
And in 1795, these sunspots led to a bit of confusion.
129
So one of the most famous astronomers at the time, Sir William Herschel wrote this paper that said that sunspots might be openings
130
that reveal the sun has a solid surface that could be inhabited by the sun people.
131
Now we know that these sunspots are actually cooler patches where the sun's magnetic field is
132
so strong it's choking off the heat rising from below.
133
So no sun people.
134
But with our protected craft, we're still going deeper through the photosphere, into the convective zone.
135
This is a boiling ocean of plasma, rising and cooling and sinking like a giant churning pot.
136
The motion is similar to our own mantle inside Earth, but where that's a slow -moving solid, this is a fast -moving, superheated gas.
137
Now the heat is rising again, back up to 2 million degrees.
138
And inside our little ship, we feel this.
139
There are a lot more atoms hitting us now.
140
But as we travel inward, suddenly, everything stops.
141
You go about 30 % inside the sun, and then the gas ceases to flow.
142
From the surface of the sun to us back on Earth, light or photons travel straight through the vacuum of space in an 8 minute and 20 second journey.
143
But in here, the plasma is so dense that light itself gets trapped, bouncing around like a pinball machine that takes,
144
on average, 170 ,000 years to escape.
145
So when you step outside and you feel the sun on your face, that energy has been traveling since before humans wore clothes.
146
We're now lost in the radiated zone.
147
But wait, if the closest we've ever been to the sun was way out there in the corona, how do we know what's going on way down in here?
148
That is her job.
149
You know there are people who study earthquakes and use earthquakes to study the earth?
150
I use quakes on the sun to study what's happening inside.
151
So when there's an earthquake on our planet, it sends pressure waves down through the earth that act differently depending on what they're moving through.
152
So scientists collect data on the surface to understand what's in between.
153
Same idea in the sun, but instead of earthquakes, it's… music.
154
Think of a drum.
155
So these violent, boiling outer layers of the sun are constantly jiggling the inside parts with pressure waves, like earthquakes through the earth.
156
And the jiggles of pressure waves is also called sound.
157
The sun is a musical instrument that plays many, many notes.
158
If we could hear the music, the different notes would tell us what the waves were traveling through.
159
The problem is that we're 150 million kilometers away with a big vacuum in between that sound can't travel through.
160
So it's more like, there's a drum playing in a soundproof room, if you have a good enough instrument,
161
you'll see the surface of the drum moving even if you don't hear it.
162
And by analyzing how the surface of the drum moves, you can figure out the tones and overtones.
163
The boiling motion of the sun makes sound that travels through it, jiggling the surface just a little bit.
164
And then scientists look at how the color of the light shifts, bluer as the surface moves towards us,
165
and redder as it moves away and then translate that with math into what must be in the middle of the sun.
166
So the boiling of the outer layers creates sound waves inside the sun
167
which jiggles the surface which we can then see from 150 million kilometers away with using red
168
and blue light to see how it moves on the surface
169
and then use math to translate what must be inside the middle of the sun.
170
Oh my god it's so complicated and so cool and they call it helioseismology.
171
But what if we go deeper.
172
Now we're finally entering the core.
173
The pressure around us now is equivalent to about 250 billion of Earth's atmosphere.
174
The stuff right outside our ship is 13 times denser than lead,
175
but it's so hot that even something that dense is still not solid.
176
And if you could zoom into this plasma to see the bare hydrogen nuclei inside, you'd see them smashing together.
177
Four hydrogen nuclei go in, one helium atom comes out that weighs just a tiny bit less.
178
About 0 .7 % becomes energy.
179
This is nuclear fusion, and it is the source of all of the sun's energy.
180
About 600 million metric tons of hydrogen fused into helium every second, with 4 million tons of matter converted straight into energy.
181
Those numbers sound huge, because they are.
182
But what's really weird is, in terms of how much energy is generated per cubic meter, the sun's output is actually tiny.
183
It's roughly similar to To a lizard's metabolism, your body, pound for pound,
184
generates more energy than the core of the sun.
185
But the sun is way bigger than you think.
186
How many Earths do you think you could fit inside the sun?
187
Assume you keep them round?
188
960 ,000.
189
And if you melted them to get rid of the extra space?
190
1 .3 million.
191
But what happens when one day our sun uses up all of its fuel?
192
When will our sun die?
193
Is it halfway through its lifetime?
194
Is it near the end?
195
Well, you can map out all of the stars that we've ever seen, and you'd get this famous chart showing a star's birth to death.
196
The sun is now here, where it'll spend most of its life.
197
As stars like ours age, the core uses up its hydrogen fuel and then shrinks, creating heat and pressure that push the outer layers outward,
198
growing into a red giant.
199
It'll get so big, it'll engulf Mercury and Venus and maybe even Earth.
200
Then, about a billion years after that, it'll use up all its helium fuel and collapse into a white dwarf, cooling and dimming over billions more years.
201
Is the sun a teenager?
202
Is the sun a middle -aged person?
203
It's a middle -aged star it's four and a half billion years old
204
and now we are at the very center of our sun
205
the middle of the biggest thing in our solar system that powers all life we know about
206
there's still a lot
207
that we don't know about the sun like why the 11 -year cycle nobody knows
208
or understands why that is our knowledge of solar activity
209
and how it impacts us on the earth It's a puzzle with a solution, but which we don't know the solution yet.
210
But what we do know is the result of so much human work.
211
So the next time you go out and you look up at the sun.
212
Think about where that photon came from.
213
I think about that and it just gives me immense joy.
214
And remember that we're a tiny species on a tiny rock orbiting a star we owe everything to.
215
And so we figured out how to send probes, and listen to its music, and take unbelievable pictures to protect ourselves from it,
216
and slowly reveal its mysteries.
217
HUGE IF TRUE If you want there to be more optimistic science and tech stories,
218
subscribe to support our show, HUGE IF TRUE And remember, this episode was made possible by AT &T, the official connectivity partner of Huge If True.
📺 Mesmo canal
B133
Antarctica Is Bigger Than You Think
American AccentUniversity Students
B22
Formula 1, Explained for Rookies
American AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
How Big Is The Biggest Black Hole?
American AccentUniversity Students
B21
Would You Use An Artificial Womb? (I Would)
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
What If The Earth Was Flat?
American AccentUniversity Students
B23
The Shoe That Broke Running
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
I Wrote a NEW Sci-Fi with Project Hail Mary Author Andy Weir
American AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1What If I Fell Into A Black Hole?
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B25
Something’s Happening to the Ozone Hole
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
Formula 1 Cars, Explained with Max Verstappen
American AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The New Hunt for the Colossal Squid
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B27
Humanity’s Real Plan to Stop This Asteroid (Feat. Mark Rober)
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Why Gravity Is A Lie, explained in Zero G
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
The Ocean Is Deeper Than You Think. We Need Better Maps.
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B224
The Future Mark Zuckerberg Is Trying To Build
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B2The Big Lie About Nuclear Waste
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B2How Did Dinosaurs Actually Go Extinct?
University Students
C1How Will The Universe Die?
American AccentUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
✨ Vídeo recomendado
B25
49 frases
27 Facts That Will Make You Question Your Existence
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
518 frases
Solar Opposites - My favorite moments from Season 4 (REUPLOAD)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B222
233 frases
Can You Fool A Self Driving Car?
American AccentBusiness EnglishTeensDaily Conversation
B21
250 frases
Solar Storm Could Black Out Half of America - This Map Shows Where
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
571 frases
Flat Earthers vs Scientists: Can We Trust Science? | Middle Ground
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
32 frases
The world's most frustrating work of art
British AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
136 frases
Why Does the OCEAN Get Creepier the Deeper You Go?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
303 frases
What If you Could See the 4th Dimension?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
130 frases
Why Nobody is Actually Judging You : The "Spotlight Effect"
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
140 frases
Mars Used to Be Blue... Then Something Happened
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
246 frases
You Are Alive to Watch the Space Station Fall From the Sky
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
31 frases
Exposing the Secrets behind Data Centers 👀🤯
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Este vídeo tem 217 frases e 2845 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 18:14. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 156 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 85% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras menos comuns do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
- particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (substantivo) — partícula. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
- probe /pɹoʊb/ (substantivo) — sonda. Any of various medical instruments used to explore wounds, organs, etc.
- boil /bɔɪ(ə)l/ (verbo) — ferver. To heat to the point where it begins to turn into a gas.
- atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ (substantivo) — atmosfera. The gases surrounding the Earth or any astronomical body.
- layer /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ (substantivo) — camada. A single thickness of some material covering a surface.
- earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/ (substantivo) — sismo, terramoto. A shaking of the ground, caused by volcanic activity or movement around geologic faults.
- blast /blæst/ (substantivo) — ventania. A violent gust of wind (in windy weather) or apparent wind (around a moving vehicle).
- magnetic /mæɡˈnɛtɪk/ (adjetivo) — magnético. Of, relating to, operating by, or caused by magnetism.
- drum /ˈdɹʌm/ (substantivo) — tambor. A percussive musical instrument spanned with a thin covering on at least one end for striking, forming an acoustic chamber; a membranophone.
- dense /ˈdɛns/ (adjetivo) — denso. Having relatively high density.
- hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ (substantivo) — hidrogênio, hidrogénio. The lightest chemical element (symbol H), with an atomic number of 1 and atomic weight of 1.008.
- plasma /ˈplæzmə/ (substantivo) — plasma. A state of matter consisting of partially ionized gas and electrons.
- reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/ (verbo) — revelar. To uncover; to show and display that which was hidden.
- instrument /ˈɪnstɹəmənt/ (substantivo) — instrumento, aparelho. A device used to produce music.
- bubble /ˈbʌbəl/ (substantivo) — bolha, borbulha. A spherically contained volume of air or other gas in a liquid, commonly a soapy liquid.
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
- come from (verbo) — vir de, ser de. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
- figure out (verbo) — descobrir, deduzir. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
- go on /ˈɡoʊˌɒn/ (verbo) — continuar. To continue in extent.
- think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbo) — pensar em, pensar sobre. To ponder.
- come out /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ (verbo) — sair, partir. To be discovered; to be revealed.
- get into (verbo) — entrar em. To move into (an object), such that one ends up inside it.
- go out (verbo) — sair. To leave, especially a building.
- look at (verbo) — observar, ver. To observe or watch.
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 49 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we're, don't, you're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thick /θɪk/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, shield /ˈʃild/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como particle, probe, boil.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — uma ação que começou antes e continua | we've been seeing · has been traveling |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was made · is made · could be seen |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have sent · has ever gone · have ever made |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | atmosphere, which is · people who study |
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.