Pratique du Shadowing: The Sun Is Weirder Than You Think - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
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If you dove into the sun, the first layer you'd hit is hot enough to make diamonds boil.
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If you keep going, you're passing through churning bubbles the size of France.
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And then you're lost in a zone so dense that light itself takes 170 ,000 years to escape.
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And you're still not at the place where it unleashes enough energy to power all life on Earth.
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Right now, we're in a golden age of new solar science.
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We're getting close -up pictures of the sun's surface in more detail than ever before, sending probes into its atmosphere,
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and revealing secrets about our star we never thought possible.
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Trust me, after this video, you'll never look up at the sun the same way.
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So let me take you on a journey into the sun.
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This episode was made possible by AT &T, the official connectivity partner of Huge If True.
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A lot of people picture the sun as a giant ball of fire, but that's totally wrong.
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There's nothing actually burning up there.
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Imagine you and I get into a magical spaceship and blast off toward the sun.
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As soon as we get about six times Earth's diameter away, our little ship is starting to detect something.
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We think we're on a journey into the sun, but really, is it true to say that in some sense we are inside the sun right now?
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Oh, 100%.
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That is the head of heliophysics at NASA.
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He's in charge of all of NASA's research on the sun.
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And he's saying, if you zoom out to see our whole solar system, and then zoom a little bit further,
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you'd see that our sun's outer atmosphere actually swallows Earth and then keeps going.
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This is the heliosphere, and it's huge.
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It goes about a hundred times farther than the distance between Earth and the sun.
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We are living not just with a star, but living in a star's atmosphere, which is pretty cool.
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As we fly through it, we see that the heliosphere is made of the sun blasting out these charged particles more
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and more as we fly toward it.
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From here, Here we can see so much cool tech that humans have sent to study the sun before us.
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We already passed around 40 satellites orbiting Earth studying the sun.
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And now we're speeding past a very special one.
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This is the Solar Dynamics Observatory.
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It's snapping pictures of the sun in all these different wavelengths.
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It's one of the biggest data sets that we have at NASA.
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And it's frankly the beating heart of watching the sun every day and its activity and its changes.
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But we keep going closer.
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And there are still two spacecraft ahead of us.
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The two of them are Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe.
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Solar Orbiter is a big deal because it took the first -ever pictures of the Sun's South Pole.
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For scale, here's how big the Earth would be in this video.
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But only one spacecraft has ever gone into the Sun's inner atmosphere.
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At this point, our little ship is starting to feel more of the Sun's effects.
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Uh, that can't be good.
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But we need to keep going, because the Sun is way farther away than most people think.
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If you paused the whole solar system at the closest point with a normal walking pace,
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it would take you over 3 ,000 years to reach the Sun.
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You could line up all of the planets between the Earth and the Sun 374 times.
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But it's not just the distance that's the problem.
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The Earth is rapidly moving sideways compared to the Sun.
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So to get there, we have to cancel that out, which would take more energy than it would take to escape the entire solar system.
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That's why when NASA sent the Parker Solar Probe, it took over six years to spiral inward until 2021,
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when it crossed into the corona.
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This is the sun's inner atmosphere.
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It's the part that you see during a solar eclipse, and it's beautiful.
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But up close, it's terrifying.
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When Parker first crossed into it, the probe was still about nine times farther from the sun than the sun itself is wide.
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But Parker's been making passes closer and closer, faster and faster ever since.
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It's now the fastest object humans have ever made.
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It could get from London to Paris in two seconds.
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But funny enough, the scientists who made it don't actually like that.
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And I don't like it.
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I would like to slow down.
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I want Parker to spend as much time as possible very close to the sun
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so we can get all the wealth of the data.
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The data suggests that our sun's corona is over a million degrees Celsius.
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How is the Parker Solar Probe not melting?
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In some sense, this is not a real temperature.
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To actually feel the heat, you're going to need a lot more particles.
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Turns out that commonly cited number is sort of a lie.
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The charged particles that make up the corona are moving insanely fast, and how fast particles are moving is what we're really measuring when we say temperature.
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But lucky for Parker, there are very few of those particles.
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In fact, so few that the scientists who built Parker don't really care about these particles that much.
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We are not worried about it.
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We can actually sneak out instruments into that flow and it doesn't do anything.
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The heat they do worry about is the same heat and energy that we use here on Earth, Earth, which comes from the light itself.
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The only thing that really hurts Parker is when the solar surface heat, like this big radiating lamp, can shine directly on the sensitive parts.
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Light, or more specifically photons, carries the sun's energy across the vacuum of space toward us.
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But this close?
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Sunlight is hundreds of times more intense than it is on Earth.
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That's why Parker hides all of its scientific equipment behind this very thick heat shield.
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They would do these demos on this carbon -carbon composite.
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You'd take a blowtorch, and you would hold it there as long as you wanted, and then ask everybody to touch the back of the darn thing, and the back was ice cold.
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As it flew through the corona, Parker recorded something incredible.
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Sounds coming from the sun.
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There were these chirping sounds, and this weird sound, and these hissing sounds.
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But if you're thinking, hey, you can't hear things in space, there's no air, you're right.
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These sounds are actually electric and magnetic waves that scientists then converted into sound waves.
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They're the sounds of intense solar wind from those same charged particles
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that the sun is constantly blasting out to create the heliosphere.
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The whooshing sound comes from changes in the speed of that solar wind.
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The layered pitches represent changes in the temperature.
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When it gets hotter, the pitch gets higher.
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And when there's a particularly big explosion called a solar storm, everything gets louder.
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Those solar storms can get really dangerous for us on Earth.
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And scientists today say that we should be getting ready for a big one soon.
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In 1859, the Sun released a large blast of particles that shot out and raced toward the Earth.
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It took under a day to travel over 150 million kilometers and slam into our planet, causing the largest solar storm ever recorded.
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It resulted in dark red northern lights that could be seen as far as the tropics.
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Luckily, on Earth, life is protected by our own magnetic field.
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It deflects most of those charged particles.
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So these storms don't affect life on Earth, but they do affect technology.
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The sun goes through cycles of activity that last about 11 years.
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If the sun cycle is at the top of this graph.
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It basically means that it's throwing a tantrum.
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It's got flares and eruptions and storms, lots of charged particles coming at us.
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If it's at the bottom, it's basically napping.
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Today, we're about here, and we've been seeing visible signs of it.
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Quite frightening, isn't it?
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That's one reason why studying the sun is so crucial, both for our future on Earth and for our future in space.
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Because on the Moon or Mars, there's no strong magnetic field to hide behind.
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So off -world, these storms could mean dangerous doses of radiation.
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We're going to establish a moon base, we're going to put boots on Mars.
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I want to be able to tell them, you can go on Expedition X for this many hours,
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days, and be able to say with confidence that they're going to be able to do that without risking their lives.
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The Parker Solar Probe could only get here, but our ship is magically protected.
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So we're going deeper.
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As our ship approaches the surface, we notice something very weird.
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Wait, why is it getting colder?
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To go further, it's time to breach the surface of the sun.
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This is the photosphere.
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Particles here are moving slower, so it's actually a cooler temperature.
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Here, the temperature is 5 ,500 degrees Celsius, hot enough to boil diamonds.
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So atoms are getting ripped apart into plasma.
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And all around you is boiling and roiling bubbles of gas constantly moving.
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And we just got the most detailed look ever.
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These extreme close -ups were taken by the newest and most powerful solar ground telescope in the world.
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What's truly crazy is the scale in these images.
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You could fit.. the entire earth right here.
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In this photo, each of these bubbles is the size of France,
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and sometimes you might see a sunspot, darker, cooler, and whiter than our whole planet.
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And in 1795, these sunspots led to a bit of confusion.
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So one of the most famous astronomers at the time, Sir William Herschel wrote this paper that said that sunspots might be openings
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that reveal the sun has a solid surface that could be inhabited by the sun people.
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Now we know that these sunspots are actually cooler patches where the sun's magnetic field is
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so strong it's choking off the heat rising from below.
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So no sun people.
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But with our protected craft, we're still going deeper through the photosphere, into the convective zone.
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This is a boiling ocean of plasma, rising and cooling and sinking like a giant churning pot.
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The motion is similar to our own mantle inside Earth, but where that's a slow -moving solid, this is a fast -moving, superheated gas.
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Now the heat is rising again, back up to 2 million degrees.
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And inside our little ship, we feel this.
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There are a lot more atoms hitting us now.
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But as we travel inward, suddenly, everything stops.
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You go about 30 % inside the sun, and then the gas ceases to flow.
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From the surface of the sun to us back on Earth, light or photons travel straight through the vacuum of space in an 8 minute and 20 second journey.
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But in here, the plasma is so dense that light itself gets trapped, bouncing around like a pinball machine that takes,
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on average, 170 ,000 years to escape.
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So when you step outside and you feel the sun on your face, that energy has been traveling since before humans wore clothes.
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We're now lost in the radiated zone.
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But wait, if the closest we've ever been to the sun was way out there in the corona, how do we know what's going on way down in here?
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That is her job.
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You know there are people who study earthquakes and use earthquakes to study the earth?
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I use quakes on the sun to study what's happening inside.
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So when there's an earthquake on our planet, it sends pressure waves down through the earth that act differently depending on what they're moving through.
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So scientists collect data on the surface to understand what's in between.
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Same idea in the sun, but instead of earthquakes, it's… music.
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Think of a drum.
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So these violent, boiling outer layers of the sun are constantly jiggling the inside parts with pressure waves, like earthquakes through the earth.
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And the jiggles of pressure waves is also called sound.
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The sun is a musical instrument that plays many, many notes.
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If we could hear the music, the different notes would tell us what the waves were traveling through.
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The problem is that we're 150 million kilometers away with a big vacuum in between that sound can't travel through.
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So it's more like, there's a drum playing in a soundproof room, if you have a good enough instrument,
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you'll see the surface of the drum moving even if you don't hear it.
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And by analyzing how the surface of the drum moves, you can figure out the tones and overtones.
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The boiling motion of the sun makes sound that travels through it, jiggling the surface just a little bit.
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And then scientists look at how the color of the light shifts, bluer as the surface moves towards us,
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and redder as it moves away and then translate that with math into what must be in the middle of the sun.
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So the boiling of the outer layers creates sound waves inside the sun
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which jiggles the surface which we can then see from 150 million kilometers away with using red
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and blue light to see how it moves on the surface
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and then use math to translate what must be inside the middle of the sun.
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Oh my god it's so complicated and so cool and they call it helioseismology.
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But what if we go deeper.
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Now we're finally entering the core.
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The pressure around us now is equivalent to about 250 billion of Earth's atmosphere.
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The stuff right outside our ship is 13 times denser than lead,
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but it's so hot that even something that dense is still not solid.
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And if you could zoom into this plasma to see the bare hydrogen nuclei inside, you'd see them smashing together.
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Four hydrogen nuclei go in, one helium atom comes out that weighs just a tiny bit less.
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About 0 .7 % becomes energy.
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This is nuclear fusion, and it is the source of all of the sun's energy.
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About 600 million metric tons of hydrogen fused into helium every second, with 4 million tons of matter converted straight into energy.
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Those numbers sound huge, because they are.
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But what's really weird is, in terms of how much energy is generated per cubic meter, the sun's output is actually tiny.
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It's roughly similar to To a lizard's metabolism, your body, pound for pound,
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generates more energy than the core of the sun.
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But the sun is way bigger than you think.
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How many Earths do you think you could fit inside the sun?
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Assume you keep them round?
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960 ,000.
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And if you melted them to get rid of the extra space?
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1 .3 million.
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But what happens when one day our sun uses up all of its fuel?
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When will our sun die?
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Is it halfway through its lifetime?
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Is it near the end?
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Well, you can map out all of the stars that we've ever seen, and you'd get this famous chart showing a star's birth to death.
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The sun is now here, where it'll spend most of its life.
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As stars like ours age, the core uses up its hydrogen fuel and then shrinks, creating heat and pressure that push the outer layers outward,
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growing into a red giant.
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It'll get so big, it'll engulf Mercury and Venus and maybe even Earth.
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Then, about a billion years after that, it'll use up all its helium fuel and collapse into a white dwarf, cooling and dimming over billions more years.
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Is the sun a teenager?
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Is the sun a middle -aged person?
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It's a middle -aged star it's four and a half billion years old
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and now we are at the very center of our sun
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the middle of the biggest thing in our solar system that powers all life we know about
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there's still a lot
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that we don't know about the sun like why the 11 -year cycle nobody knows
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or understands why that is our knowledge of solar activity
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and how it impacts us on the earth It's a puzzle with a solution, but which we don't know the solution yet.
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But what we do know is the result of so much human work.
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So the next time you go out and you look up at the sun.
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Think about where that photon came from.
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I think about that and it just gives me immense joy.
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And remember that we're a tiny species on a tiny rock orbiting a star we owe everything to.
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And so we figured out how to send probes, and listen to its music, and take unbelievable pictures to protect ourselves from it,
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and slowly reveal its mysteries.
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HUGE IF TRUE If you want there to be more optimistic science and tech stories,
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subscribe to support our show, HUGE IF TRUE And remember, this episode was made possible by AT &T, the official connectivity partner of Huge If True.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 217 phrases et 2845 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 18:14. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 156 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 85 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
- particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (nom) — particule. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
- probe /pɹoʊb/ (nom) — sonde, explorateur. Any of various medical instruments used to explore wounds, organs, etc.
- boil /bɔɪ(ə)l/ (verbe) — faire bouillir, porter à ébullition. To heat to the point where it begins to turn into a gas.
- atmosphere /ˈætməsˌfɪɹ/ (nom) — atmosphère. The gases surrounding the Earth or any astronomical body.
- layer /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ (nom) — couche. A single thickness of some material covering a surface.
- earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/ (nom) — tremblement de terre, séisme. A shaking of the ground, caused by volcanic activity or movement around geologic faults.
- blast /blæst/ (nom) — rafale. A violent gust of wind (in windy weather) or apparent wind (around a moving vehicle).
- magnetic /mæɡˈnɛtɪk/ (adjectif) — magnétique. Of, relating to, operating by, or caused by magnetism.
- drum /ˈdɹʌm/ (nom) — tambour, batterie. A percussive musical instrument spanned with a thin covering on at least one end for striking, forming an acoustic chamber; a membranophone.
- dense /ˈdɛns/ (adjectif) — dense. Having relatively high density.
- hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ (nom) — hydrogène. The lightest chemical element (symbol H), with an atomic number of 1 and atomic weight of 1.008.
- plasma /ˈplæzmə/ (nom) — plasma. A state of matter consisting of partially ionized gas and electrons.
- reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/ (verbe) — révéler. To uncover; to show and display that which was hidden.
- instrument /ˈɪnstɹəmənt/ (nom) — instrument de mesure. A device used to produce music.
- bubble /ˈbʌbəl/ (nom) — bulle. A spherically contained volume of air or other gas in a liquid, commonly a soapy liquid.
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
- figure out (verbe) — cerner. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
- go on /ˈɡoʊˌɒn/ (verbe) — continuer. To continue in extent.
- think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbe) — penser à, réfléchir à. To ponder.
- come out /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ (verbe) — sortir. To be discovered; to be revealed.
- go out (verbe) — sortir. To leave, especially a building.
- go through (verbe) — traverser. To travel from one end of something to the other.
- look at (verbe) — regarder. To observe or watch.
- make up /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ (verbe) — constituer, composer. To constitute, to compose.
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 49 contractions et formes réduites, comme we're, don't, you're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: earthquake /ˈɝθkweɪk/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thick /θɪk/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, shield /ˈʃild/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme particle, probe, boil.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continu have/has been + -ing — une action commencée avant et toujours en cours | we've been seeing · has been traveling |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was made · is made · could be seen |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have sent · has ever gone · have ever made |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | atmosphere, which is · people who study |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.