Практика Shadowing: 13 Lessons About Poverty - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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For the next 15 minutes, I'd like for us to consider three things.

First, what was the theory of poverty that guided the war on poverty?

That is, how did they think about who is poor, why they were poor, and what could be done about it?

Second, how has our thinking about these issues changed after 50 years now of research and on -the -ground interventions?

And third, what are the implications of that for how we think about moving forward, with some particular attention to how AmeriCorps VISTA,

VISTAs themselves, and the agencies they support might think about a new anti -poverty agenda for the next years and decades?

In the War on Poverty era, it seems to me, poverty was typically understood to be a thing that happens to other people.

President Johnson described people living in poverty as isolated from the mainstream of American life and alienated from its values.

People living in poverty were them, not us, and poverty itself was understood to be an anomaly,

an aberration, a deviation from the norm.

As a consequence, part of the mission of the Great Society was to try to incorporate them into mainstream institutions and culture through education,

job training, housing, medical care, and so on.

But we now know that poverty is not something experienced by a small minority of people.

Let me explain.

Here's the official data.

It shows a poverty rate of 14 .5 % in 2013.

That's about 46 million

Americans living at or below the poverty line.

If we look at the Census Bureau's supplemental poverty measure,

it shows a poverty rate really of about 15 .5 % in 2013, 49 million Americans.

Either way, these measures are only telling us how many people ended up with net income

that falls below the poverty line over the course of the entire year.

But we now know that people slip in and out of poverty over the course of that year.

People may be poor one month and not poor the next.

So if we step back and ask how many people experience a spell of poverty over a four year period, we find that 35 percent,

more than one third of Americans, will be poor at least once for two months or more.

That's lesson one.

Since Vista's founding, we've learned that poverty is widespread.

It's a much more common experience than we thought it was then.

Poverty is not something that happens to them.

It's something that will happen to lots of us.

That's important, I think, in part, because perhaps if people cannot be mobilized to fight poverty for altruistic reasons,

maybe they might be mobilized for selfish ones.

It's also a way to highlight one of the virtues of VISTA's key program features.

Because VISTAs earn a poverty -level stipend,

perhaps it's easier for them to think of people struggling to get by with limited resources as us, not them.

Poverty is also a different kind of problem than we thought it was then.

While 35 % of all

Americans will experience poverty at least once over the course of a four -year period,

fewer than 3 % of us will be consistently poor over that four -year period.

Long -term, persistent poverty is real, and we must address it.

But that's not what most poverty looks like.

In some ways, perhaps we've been focusing on the wrong problem.

That points us to lesson two.

Given how many people have an experience of poverty, how many people are perched on the edge of it and slip in and out of it,

perhaps instead of talking about poverty, we should be talking about insecurity as the problem of this age.

More and more

Americans live precarious economic lives and are utterly unprepared for an emergency that suddenly increases their expenses or reduces their income.

What are we doing to deal with that?

And how do remedies directed at insecurity differ from our traditional remedies directed at poverty.

Lesson three is this.

Childhood is profoundly important, even more so than we thought in the 1960s, and the stakes are especially critical for very young children.

Stress has physiological consequences, and poverty is exceedingly stressful, especially for children.

Combine that with inadequate prenatal care and childhood nutrition, and you get irreversible long -term cognitive,

social, emotional, and health deficits.

Being in poverty as a child is associated with lower achievement later in school, reduced earnings in adulthood, higher rates of unintended pregnancy,

higher rates of incarceration, and higher rates of things like cardiovascular disease, disability, and mental illness.

So, if you want to reduce the number of adults who are poor tomorrow, reduce the number of children who are poor today.

And remember, the single largest group of Americans living in poverty are children.

Lesson four.

The Kennedy administration started paying attention to poverty thanks in part

to Bobby's visits to poor African -American communities to Appalachia and to Native American reservations.

Poverty was not and is not a problem only of those particular places and people, but there is still an important lesson here.

Where you are born has a lot to do with the kinds of opportunities you will have or not have.

This reaffirms the importance of place -based policies and community -specific initiatives.

One of the most striking modern developments is the rise of poverty in the suburbs.

This is especially important given how much of our social service infrastructure was built to deal with poverty in the cities.

It's another way in which poverty may be a different kind of problem than we thought it was, and perhaps an especially useful lesson for Vista.

Lesson five is that race is, alas, as important now as it was in the 1960s.

We have clearly made progress in reducing African -American poverty from its radically high mid -20th century levels,

but it is still three times the rate that it is for white Americans.

And African -Americans still fare worse across a range of measures, whether we're talking about income, wages, wealth, mobility, education, access to health care,

life expectancy, or infant mortality.

I noted earlier that 35 percent of all

Americans will experience poverty over a four -year period.

It's 49 percent for African Americans, and it's 53 percent for Hispanic Americans.

We've got to better reckon with the ways in which disadvantages accumulate,

and with the fact that our unique historical legacies may well mean that poverty for different groups,

has different roots, and may therefore require different remedies.

I've noted the continued importance of paying attention to children in poverty, but children can also exacerbate the poverty of adults given

that they are inevitably dependent and their care requires time and it requires money.

This is a much more acute problem than it was 50 years ago simply

because there are so many more women in the labor force

and because we still live in a world in which women do the overwhelming majority of all unpaid care work,

it is their earnings that suffer most.

This is, in part, why female -headed families continue to be so much poorer than two parent families,

something the Johnson administration worried about even then.

But the problem is actually worse now, and this need not be the case.

We know this because, as you can see here in the blue lines,

there are many nations with higher out -of -wedlock birth rates than in the United States.

But every single one of those countries with more lone parents

nonetheless winds up with lower rates of childhood poverty than we do.

That's the red lines.

If you're working at the community

or agency level with poor women with children who may be caring for sick

or aging family members remember

you've got to foreground the problem of who cares for those

who are providing care what we've also learned is not just

that some people cannot work because they cannot solve the caregiving puzzle others cannot work

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because for a variety of reasons illness injury mental illness physical or developmental disability

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they are not well suited to the modern labor market the result is much higher rates of poverty for them.

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We saw earlier that few poor people are consistently poor over a four -year period, maybe three percent of the population.

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Well, two -thirds of that group have one or more disability.

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Lesson seven is that disability must be foregrounded in our thinking about poverty much more than it has been.

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But even those who are able to work and do may still be poor nonetheless less.

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32 % of all women who work

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and 24 % of all men who work work in jobs

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that pay wages so low that even if they work full -time all year round, they will still be poor.

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It's something we've been seeing for decades in soup kitchens and food pantries around the country.

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The growing numbers of people who work full -time and yet cannot earn enough to put food on the table.

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The problem is particularly acute for people of color.

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42 % of Hispanic Americans and 36 % of African Americans work in poverty wage jobs.

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No matter how many hours or how many weeks they work, they cannot escape poverty with wages alone.

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Which means either labor markets need to change or the policies and programs that support working people must.

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Medicare and Medicaid point us to Lesson 9.

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showing us that access to health care reduces poverty.

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The Affordable Care Act is giving us additional evidence of this, especially its expansion of Medicaid in those states that have chosen to take part.

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We could reduce poverty even more by adding dental coverage and mental health coverage, problems that are especially severe among poor and low -income populations.

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On the micro level, you can help people in your communities get coverage,

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access care, and deal with small medical issues before they become larger ones.

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If people are less sick, they will be less poor.

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And of course, if people are less poor to begin with,

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they're less likely to get sick and less likely to remain sick for long periods of time.

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Here's lesson 10.

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Mass incarceration is a post -war on poverty phenomenon,

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and its effects are disproportionately concentrated in low -income communities of color and among African American men especially.

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And anti -poverty programs have got to take seriously the prison

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and the universe of people affected by it if they are serious about improving well -being.

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Whatever else it is, the American criminal justice system is a massive engine for making people sick,

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angry, and poor.

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Lesson 11 is that we've got to start talking about climate change as a poverty problem.

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Hurricane Katrina was the canary in the coal mine here.

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What are we doing to help poor places and the people in them prepare for this new 21st century poverty problem?

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We've got to because they will be affected first and they'll be hit the hardest.

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Now it's not all bad news.

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Thanks to social security, we now know that we can reduce poverty a lot and rather easily.

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Here, we've done it by sending money regularly to older Americans.

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The Earned Income Tax Credit and SNAP have taught us the same lesson.

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Cash and near cash benefits can have significant anti -poverty effects.

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More local programs can learn this lesson and trust the research

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that shows that unconditional additional cash grants may be the single most effective intervention that's available to us.

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But this, among other things, requires trusting poor people to know what's best for themselves.

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But that's a lesson consonant with VISTA's commitment to low -income people's self -determination and having a voice in service delivery.

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Finally, let's dispense with the notion that the war on poverty failed.

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It did a lot, even if it could have done more there were real successes to the war on poverty.

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How do we know this?

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Take a look.

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That green line shows us the pre -transfer poverty rate.

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That's how much poverty has been created by the economy without counting the effects of anti -poverty policies and programs.

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Notice that the economy is producing about the same amount of poverty today as it was 50 years ago.

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That black line shows us,

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using the supplemental measure, how much actual poverty remains once we count the effects of anti -poverty programs.

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Over the War on Poverty period, we've brought poverty down from 26 percent to 16 percent.

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Now, that's not nearly enough, I'd argue, but it's not nothing either.

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These are not the only important lessons that we might take away from the last 50 years of course,

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but I'm hoping they might be one place from

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which we can start to think about what we should be doing now to solve today's poverty and inequality.

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Remember, not all past solutions will be the best ones moving forward.

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We can't build 21st century anti -poverty programs on 20th century notions of the roots of need.

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Thank you.

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Thank you to AmeriCorps Vista, and here's to the next 50 years of service.

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Thank you.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «13 Lessons About Poverty». Чаще всего повторяются слова: poverty, poor, percent, lesson, rate. В этом видео 120 предложений и 2172 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 14:31. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 150 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 86% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
poverty существительное	/ˈpɑːvɚti/	бе́дность, нищета́
lesson существительное	/ˈlɛs.ən/	уро́к, ле́кция
wage существительное	/weɪd͡ʒ/	за́работная пла́та, зарпла́та
earn глагол	/ɝn/	зараба́тывать, зарабо́тать
illness существительное	/ˈɪl.nəs/	боле́знь, хворь
remedy существительное	/ˈɹɛmədi/	сре́дство
solve глагол	/sɒlv/	реша́ть, реши́ть
slip глагол	/ˈslɪp/	поска́льзываться, поскользну́ться
earnings существительное		за́работок, дохо́д
intervention существительное	/ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/	вмеша́тельство, интерве́нция
mainstream прилагательное	/ˈmeɪn.stɹiːm/	мейнстри́мовый, мейнстри́мный
consistently наречие	/kənˈsɪstəntli/	после́довательно
notion существительное	/ˈnoʊʃən/	поня́тие, иде́я
consequence существительное	/ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/	после́дствие, сле́дствие
nonetheless наречие	/ˌnʌnðəˈlɛs/	тем не ме́нее

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
move forward глагол	продвига́ть, продви́нуть

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается	we've been focusing · we've been seeing
Условные предложения if + предложение, will/would + глагол — условие и его результат	If people are less sick, they will be
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	could be done · was understood · cannot be mobilized
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	we've learned · I've noted · we've also learned

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 21 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например we've, I'd, can't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: disability /dɪsəˈbɪlɪti/, intervention /ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/, consistently /kənˈsɪstəntli/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: wage /weɪd͡ʒ/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, inadequate /ɪnˈædəkwɪt/, microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: highlight /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/, hurricane /ˈhʌɹɪkeɪn/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: wage /weɪd͡ʒ/, solve /sɒlv/, initiative /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, suburbs /ˈsʌbɝbz/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как poverty, lesson, wage.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: 13 Lessons About Poverty - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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