Практика Shadowing: A Brief History of Australia - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Australia, a nation of continent-spanning size, from the dazzling coastline to the barren Australian outback, from the northern rainforests to the southern vineyards.
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But the story of this place goes far beyond its natural landmarks and cosmopolitan cities.
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Australia has a path that stretches back more than 65,000 years, shaped by the unique culture of the indigenous peoples,
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European discovery and colonization, gold rushes, and the bravery of its soldiers.
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We are going to take a journey through time, looking at the main events and transformations that have shaped the Australia we know.
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Australia's history dates back to long before the first European ships reached its shores.
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Over 65,000 years ago, the first human inhabitants, the Australian Aborigines, started arriving on this immense continent.
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The first Australians originated from present-day Indonesia,
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crossing seas and straits, but the exact circumstances of their journey are still the subject of study and debate.
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They developed a wide range of cultures, languages, and traditions in this new land, adapting perfectly to Australia's varying ecosystems,
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from the northern rainforests to the inland dry deserts.
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Spirituality was firmly rooted in the land.
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formations like Aluru were not only geological landmarks, but also spiritual and cultural centerpieces.
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The Dreaming, or Chukupra, is a complex mesh of stories,
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lore, and laws explaining the world's creation and the Aborigines' relationship with the land.
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The Aborigines successfully developed hunting, fishing, and gathering techniques, guaranteeing their survival despite some of the planet's most challenging conditions.
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However, Europeans brought with them winds of change and a burgunding appetite for exploration at the turn of the 17th century.
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As navigators set sail for uncharted seas, Australia was about to open a new chapter.
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A Dutch navigator named Willem Jan Zul aboard the ship Duifken plotted his course across the unexplored seas in 1606
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and found himself coming face to face with unknown lands.
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He was to become the first documented European to set foot in Australia.
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Jan Zoon and his team set foot on the coast of Cape York Peninsula, in the present-day state of Queensland.
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They found not the gold or spices that many explorers were looking for, but a land steeped in mystery,
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inhabited by people who had called it home for millennia.
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The first encounters between the Europeans and the Aborigines ended up being ambiguous.
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While some of them were marked by mutual curiosity, others were plagued by strife and violence.
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Jansun's discovery proved to be just the beginning.
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In the ensuing decades, other European navigators also ventured into these waters.
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When Australia was mapped out inch by inch, it became known to the Dutch as New Holland.
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It would take some time before Europeans started to think of
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this vast land as more than just a speck on a map.
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The first recorded European visit to Australia took more than 160 years, dating back to 1770 when Captain James Cook,
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a resourceful British navigator and cartographer, set sail in his ship, the Endeavour, on a scientific expedition.
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Cook and his crew headed off into the unknown and found themselves on the east coast of a wide, uncharted continent.
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Cook and his crew docked in Botany Bay in April of that year, a spot he chose for the variety of unknown plants that his botanists,
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Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Sollander, were able to collect.
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Cook's journals speak of encounters with Aboriginal peoples, the sheer beauty of the land and the potential he could see in it.
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Continuing his journey north on August 22nd, he laid formal claim to the East Coast in the name of His Majesty, which he called New South Wales.
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Although the Dutch were the first Europeans to reach Australia, they preferred not to claim the land.
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This was because at the time they already had numerous colonies, several of which had much greater potential for profit than the Australian continent,
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which meant that the path was clear for English colonization of Australian lands.
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A fleet of British ships, often referred to as the First Fleet, anchored in Sydney Cove, a natural harbor in the present-day city of Sydney in 1788.
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This was not a traditional fleet of settlers looking for fertile land or adventure, but convicts.
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The decision to transport convicts to Australia was motivated in part
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by the overcrowding of British jails as a result of the American Revolutionary Wars.
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Once America became independent, Britain was no longer permitted to send convicts to the American colonies,
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and Australia appeared as an alternative solution.
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The New South Wales Penal Colony was officially declared on February 7, 1788 by Captain Arthur Phillip, Commander of the First Fleet.
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He had received clear instructions from the British government to establish a penal colony
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and lay claim to the land in the name of the British Crown.
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He encountered numerous challenges, shortages, including strained relations with the Aboriginal peoples,
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food shortages caused by poor soil and insufficient farming experience, as well as trying to maintain order and discipline among the convicts.
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Over time, more ships arrived bringing supplies, new convicts, and free settlers, despite the difficulties.
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Other areas along the coast were gradually explored and colonized, extending the British reach in Australia.
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As the years went by, the notion of Australia as a penal colony developed.
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New settlements were established, many of which were not penal colonies, and the population grew through immigration and birth.
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The practice of sending convicts to Australia eventually came to a halt in the 19th century.
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While the early British colonies were largely concentrated in Australia's coastal regions,
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the Australian outback became the setting for many of the most challenging expeditions in the country's history.
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Many explorers, both European and Australian, set out on journeys to survey the heart of Australia during the 18th and 19th centuries.
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They were prompted by different motives, such as the pursuit of fertile land, viable transportation routes, scientific curiosity, and just plain adventure.
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These expeditions encountered numerous challenges.
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Vast deserts with water shortages, such as the Simpson Desert, inaccessible mountain ranges such as the Flinders Ranges,
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extreme weather ranging from scorching heat to bitter cold, and the sporadic resistance of Aboriginal peoples,
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who regarded the intrusion into their ancestral lands with distrust or hostility.
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Most expeditions were ill-prepared for the harshness of the Australian outback.
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They lacked adequate supplies, local knowledge, and at times the expertise needed to sail and survive in such challenging environments.
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The result was a number of expeditions that failed, with explorers lost or killed.
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These exploration journeys started to fill in the gaps on Australia's maps.
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They also laid the groundwork for expanding colonization and opening up new transport and communication routes, connecting the interior to the rest of the continent.
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Australia experienced one of its greatest gold fever outbreaks in the early 1850s.
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The gold discoveries in New South Wales and soon afterwards Victoria unleashed a frenzy that would deeply transform the continent,
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demographically and socioeconomically.
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Word of these discoveries spread quickly, luring tens of thousands of people, both from the continent itself and from as far away as China,
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North America, and Europe.
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The ensuing immigration wave had a huge impact.
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Australia's population more than tripled in just a few years.
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Cities like Melbourne grew exponentially, with infrastructure and services rapidly being developed to cater for the growing population.
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Makeshift settlements littered the landscape as people dug and sifted in search of their fortune.
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But the gold rush also introduced tensions and challenges.
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Competing for land and wealth often ended in conflict.
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Miners' rights turned into a significant political issue, leading to the famous Eureka Rebellion in 1854 in Ballarat.
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The uprising resisted unfair license fees and the alleged corruption of the authorities.
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Despite having been quickly suppressed, many see it as a crucial moment in Australia's progress towards democracy.
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A large population of Chinese miners, enticed by the prospect of wealth, also led to racial tensions.
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Many encountered discrimination and hostility, and on some some occasions, this escalated into outright violence.
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Throughout the second half of the 19th century, the Australian continent was split into several independent British colonies, each with its own government and legislative system.
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As they neared the end of the century, numerous practical and ideological questions began to emerge, highlighting the need for greater unification.
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An Australian national identity started to gain momentum.
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While still loyal to the British Crown, many Australians started to see themselves as a distinct people, with common interests and aspirations.
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Creating one unified nation would assert this emerging identity.
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Eventually, on January 1, 1901, the Federation of Australia was proclaimed.
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The six colonies became six states of a unified nation under a shared constitution.
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Sir Edmund Barton was appointed Australia's first Prime Minister.
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The new nation kept its status as a British Crown colony, but over time and with different legislation and agreements,
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Australia gradually gained more autonomy until it became fully sovereign.
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As World War I broke out in 1914, Australia, still strongly tied to the British Empire, was quick to commit itself to supporting Great Britain and its allies.
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Hundreds of thousands of Australians signed up to fight alongside the Entente Powers, leading to the birth of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps,
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ANZACs, a mix of Australian and New Zealand forces.
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One of the most iconic and meaningful moments of the ANZAC's involvement in the war was the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign.
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This was aimed at capturing the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula and opening up a sea route to Russia.
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But it met with fierce resistance from the Ottoman forces.
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The Anzac landed in Gallipoli on April 25, 1915, a day which is now commemorated every year as Anzac Day,
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to honor the Australian and New Zealand troops who fought and died in the war.
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Although the Anzacs and other Allies displayed remarkable bravery and determination, the campaign proved to be a military disaster.
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Following eight months of heavy fighting and difficult terrain, and under brutal conditions, the Allied forces were evacuated.
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The Gallipoli campaign impacted deeply on the Australian psyche.
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While it was a military debacle,
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the courage, camaraderie and sacrifice of the Anzacs on the Gallipoli Peninsula became key to shaping Australia's national identity.
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The ideals of Anzac spirit, including bravery, resilience and the spirit of comradeship, are still revered in Australia today.
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World War I had a profound impact on Australia as a whole.
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More than 60,000 Australians were killed, and many more were injured or otherwise traumatized.
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But it would not be long before the Second World War broke out and Australia again pledged its support to the Allies,
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at first supporting British operations in Europe and Africa.
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With the expansion of the Japanese Empire in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the threat to Australia itself became imminent.
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The focus of Australia's military contribution quickly changed from the European theatre to the Pacific.
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Australia was most at risk on February 19, 1942, when the northern city of Darwin came under devastating air attack from Japanese forces.
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More than 240 Japanese planes were involved in the attack,
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leading to the deaths of more than 240 people and the widespread destruction of infrastructure, including ships, buildings and airports.
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This was the first and biggest direct attack on Australian territory and, over the following months, other locations along Australia's northern coast were attacked.
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The bombing of Darwin was a vicious reminder of the reality of war and the threat that Japan posed to Australia.
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The country intensified its military involvement in the Pacific theater in response, with the Australian Army, Navy,
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and Air Force all playing key roles in campaigns to repel Japanese forces.
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Australian soldiers were fundamental in decisive battles such as Kokoda, Bunagona, and Bougainville.
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Australia's relationship with the United States grew significantly stronger throughout this period.
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While Australia had historically turned to Britain for defense and support assurances,
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the Pacific threat and the heavy presence of American forces in the region shifted this dynamic.
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American military bases were established on Australian soil, and General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the Allied forces in the southwest Pacific,
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was based in Brisbane for a time.
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came out of the war with a new understanding of its standing in the world.
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The traditional dependence on Great Britain started to wane.
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But there was still an open wound in Australian society.
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Ever since the arrival of the first British settlers in 1788, Australia's indigenous peoples had experienced discrimination,
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forced displacement and, in many cases, downright violence.
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Their lands were taken, their customs and languages frequently suppressed, and their rights as citizens denied or restricted.
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Despite the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901,
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many pieces of state and federal legislation still marginalized and discriminated against Aboriginal people.
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But the 60s and 70s brought about a major change.
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Partly inspired by the civil rights movements in the United States and global decolonization,
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activists and their allies started calling for justice and equality.
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The other critical issue that gained prominence at this time was that of stolen children,
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indigenous minors who were forcibly removed from their families and communities,
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then put under the care of white institutions or families as part of an assimilation attempt.
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The government started to address these pressures in the 1970s.
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Harsh discriminatory policies were revoked and there was a growing recognition of Aboriginal land rights.
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But the fight for justice and true reconciliation continues to this day.
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Australia underwent an economic revolution in the 1980s.
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Before that decade, its economy was largely defined by high taxes, strict regulations, and a heavy reliance on traditional sectors,
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such as agriculture and mining.
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But while recognizing the need to compete on the global stage more effectively and to diversify its economy, the government embarked on radical reforms.
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Over the following decades, the benefits of these reforms became more apparent.
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The Australian economy started to diversify, with industries such as services, education, and tourism all playing increasingly vital roles.
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Australia also started to establish stronger economic ties with Asia, especially with China, which was to become its main trading partner.
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In the 1980s, Australia's economic makeover opened the door to a period of unparalleled growth and diversification.
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Now the country is not only a Pacific economic powerhouse, but also an influential player on the global economic stage.
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Ranging from the early Aboriginal days to its discovery, its stint as a penal colony,
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and eventually its emergence as a prosperous and influential nation on the world stage, this trajectory is an example of endurance and transformation.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 157 предложений и 2398 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 16:49. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 143 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 76% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:
- continent /ˈkɑntɪnənt/ (существительное) — контине́нт, матери́к. One of the main contiguous landmasses, separated by water or geological features, on the surface of a planet, sometimes including its continental shelves and…
- discovery /dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/ (существительное) — откры́тие. Something discovered.
- encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ (глагол) — встре́тить, столкну́ться. To meet (someone) or find (something), especially unexpectedly.
- fleet /ˈfliːt/ (существительное) — флоти́лия, флот. A group of vessels or vehicles.
- ally /ˈæl.aɪ/ (существительное) — сою́зник, сою́зница. A person who co-operates with or helps another; an associate; a friend.
- indigenous /ɪnˈdɪd͡ʒənəs/ (прилагательное) — врождённый, прирождённый. Native to a land, especially before colonization.
- sail /seɪl/ (существительное) — па́рус, ветри́ло. A piece of fabric attached to a boat and arranged such that it causes the wind to drive the boat along. The sail may be attached to the boat via a combination…
- bravery /ˈbɹeɪ.və.ɹi/ (существительное) — хра́брость, сме́лость. Being brave, courageousness.
- vast /væst/ (прилагательное) — обши́рный, огро́мный. Very large or wide (literally or figuratively).
- immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/ (существительное) — иммигра́ция, переселе́ние. The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country of which one is not native born for the purpose of permanent residence.
- adventure /ədˈvɛn.t͡ʃə/ (существительное) — приключе́ние, собы́тие. A feeling of desire for new and exciting things.
- establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ (глагол) — устана́вливать, установи́ть. To make stable or firm; to confirm.
- infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ (существительное) — инфраструкту́ра. An underlying base or foundation for a building, organization, or system.
- deeply /ˈdi(ː)pli/ (наречие) — глубоко́. To a deep extent or degree; very greatly.
- soil /sɔɪl/ (существительное) — земля́, по́чва. A mixture of mineral particles and organic material, used to support plant growth.
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
- look for (глагол) — иска́ть, поиска́ть. To seek.
- break out (глагол) — сбега́ть, сбежа́ть. To escape, especially forcefully or defiantly.
- bring about (глагол) — вызыва́ть, влечь. To cause to take place.
- end up (глагол) — зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться. To bring to a conclusion.
- fill in (глагол) — дава́ть бо́лее по́лную информа́цию. To fill; to replace material that is absent or has been removed.
- go by (глагол) — проходи́ть, проходи́ть ми́мо. To pass or go past without much interaction.
- put under (глагол) — давать наркоз. To anesthetize someone or render them unconscious through the use of narcotic substances, usually either alcohol or pharmaceutical drugs.
- turn into (глагол) — превраща́ться, преврати́ться. To become.
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «th»: theater /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, southwest /saʊθˈwɛst/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, discrimination /dɪskɹɪmɪˈneɪʃən/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/, exploration /ˌɛkspləˈɹeɪʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: indigenous /ɪnˈdɪd͡ʒənəs/, immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡɹeɪʃən/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, discrimination /dɪskɹɪmɪˈneɪʃən/, exploration /ˌɛkspləˈɹeɪʃən/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как continent, discovery, encounter.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | were marked · was mapped · were established |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | people who had · day which is · China, which was |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.