Практика Shadowing: Judith Butler on Gender - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Who is afraid of gender?

In some sense, all of us are.

If we think of gender as a set of norms that communicate expectations about how we should emerge in the world,

what bodily form we should take, and how we are to comport ourselves,

then there is good reason to worry that one will fail at the task required.

Who sets the rules and what freedom is there to change them?

I am Judith Butler, distinguished professor in the graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of Who's Afraid of Gender,

published by Alan Lane in the UK.

Gender, conceived as a normative organization of social reality,

is also communicated as a set of demands or expectations with the understanding

that certain very painful consequences may follow if one fails to conform.

Thus, some might fear gender as one would fear any set of norms and possible punishments.

But there is something intimate about gender.

It is a way bodies are organized, but also a way they conduct themselves in relation to one another.

It is this body, after all, material and singular, that is at once socially formed and acting with,

against, or beyond those norms.

Yet others, doubtless mindful of this intimate terrain, wish for a set structure, one that does not change in time,

an identity fixed either by natural or symbolic law or by the state itself.

They fear the variability of gender, not only the different ways that men and women now act,

but the apparent fact that the categories change meaning in time, that those assigned female at birth can become men,

that those assigned male at birth can become women, that intersex people are demanding recognition for their embodied lives,

and that some people live outside the binary categories of man and woman, either in new categories or in the interstices among them.

Those who are unsettled by the variability of gender,

its different configurations are especially vulnerable to those politicians who insist that gender is an ideology and,

together with other forms of wokeism, are responsible for the destruction of the family, civilization, man, or national cultures.

The anti -gender political discourse heightens the ordinary anxiety that people have about gender,

associating and conflating that anxiety with a generalized fear about the future of the world itself,

its climate, the increasing precarity of work, the intensification of wealth among the very few, the open -ended character of brutal wars,

the challenges to the homogeneity of national and local cultures posed by migration and displacement.

There are many reasons to fear, but gender is not the cause of any of those conditions

that have given rise to a generalized concern about the future of the world.

In my book, Who's Afraid of Gender?, I track the history of the anti -gender ideology movement from

its inception at Vatican conferences in the 1990s through its appropriation and reformulation in Latin America and Eastern Europe.

I respond to many of the criticisms leveled against gender,

including those that characterize gender as a made -up construct that denies the materiality of the body,

as an imperialist concept imposed upon local cultures of the global

South, as a doctrine that has the force to destroy the family, man, civilization, and the natural order,

as a form of indoctrination or seduction harmful for children, as a denial of biology or biological difference.

In addition to refuting these charges with arguments and evidence,

I propose that gender has become a phantasm that collects anxieties,

fears, and desires that are already circulating in the general public about the future of their way of life,

the fate of their children if they have them,

and the general instability of economic and political I suggest that people do have reasons to fear the continuation of war,

climate catastrophe, the increasingly destructive character of capitalism,

systemic racism, and forcible displacement of many populations.

Gender is not the reason for any of these instabilities, which is one reason why the defense of gender,

as a framework for social analysis, as a field of study, as an essential part of research at all universities,

has to provide an analysis of how gender became construed as a demonic power and destructive force.

The defense of gender is at once the defense of open inquiry and the ideal of the university.

Like the demonization of migrants and trans people in contemporary politics,

gender functions as a phantasm that absorbs contemporary anxieties as it deflects from their true source.

For instance, it is said that gender is a doctrine, like totalitarianism, or that it represents the extremes of capitalism.

Inconsistent allegations abound, culminating in the conviction that gender is an ideology by

which is meant a false and dogmatic set of beliefs.

Consider, however, that gender studies as a discipline is by definition interdisciplinary,

drawing from several paradigms, and it is defined by a set of debates

and problematics not by statements of doctrine or settled truths.

Instead, gender studies classrooms are often models of open debate.

People disagree about methods, the status of theory, the need for regional ethnographies, and the relationship of the academy to social movements.

There are, in fact, so many disparate approaches

that most courses dedicated to introducing gender studies can hardly manage to include all the points of view that constitute the discipline.

I belabor this point only

because there are those who would reduce gender to a dangerous ideology

and thus efface the complexity and richness of the framework and its many conceptual contributions to thinking about nature,

society, power, and embodiment.

To those who think that gender studies pedagogy is a form of indoctrination, the response must be firm.

Gender is neither an ideology nor a form of indoctrination.

Indeed, the critique of gender within gender studies is productive.

If anything, it is a framework that allows us to ask, among other questions, how is the social world organized,

through what exclusions, and with what potentials?

The debates on such questions are open -ended.

For those who have learned from the field, that openness is a promising value to be affirmed. For others,

social structures should remain unchanging and based on pre -social differences

that can be known apart from any interpretive framework or social meanings.

Those who seek to censor books on gender

or to close down the teaching of gender studies are themselves imposing a doctrine on research and teaching.

In addition, shutting down open debate in public life and open inquiry in the academy does not bode well for democracy.

And yet, this is precisely what the anti -gender ideology movement calls for.

It is a campaign of falsification and censorship that strengthens repressive state powers.

My book seeks to understand how the intensified opposition to gender fits within the emerging of authoritarian regimes

that gain support through the fantasy of restoring patriarchal and heteronormative orders.

The more that gender ideology as a phrase is discussed as if it describes something real,

this fiction becomes part of a shared and emergent cultural understanding, or what some call a backlash.

The complexity of feminism, sexuality, and gender studies as fields,

and their potential to describe and understand human embodiment in its complexity is replaced by a caricature.

But that is just one problem to be faced.

If the only task were to dispel an increasingly prevalent mischaracterization of a field of study,

we could simply demonstrate the different approaches to scholarship and teaching and show why, based on the evidence provided,

the caricature fails to grasp the field of study its institutional forms, and its effects on social policy.

The caricature of gender ideology, however, is deployed to incite fear,

to identify gender as the cause of public anxiety about the future,

and to promise a return to a time in which gender binarism and gender hierarchy could be assumed as unchangeable.

Gender does not only characterize identities it is a framework for understanding a major form of power in society,

the way it establishes separate spheres and social inequalities and exclusions. For feminists,

gender became an important term in the 1970s through which to describe and criticize social inequalities and the persistence of masculine domination.

They asked about the gendered division of labor, the gendering of the public sphere,

and they help to formulate and institute public policies that seek to oppose discrimination, to establish equal treatment under the law,

to expose gender -based violence, to delineate specific health care needs,

and to inquire into the ways society might be transformed to support greater equality,

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justice, and freedom, the basic principles of democracy.

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Gendered frameworks have proven to be productive in ecological politics, migration studies, and anti -violence policies.

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They have been affirmed as part of the history of freedom and equality,

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not only demonstrating how and why inequalities or exclusions exist,

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but contesting discourses and policies that keep a range of people from flourishing.

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It seems important to keep our minds open to all the ways that people can flourish.

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To do that, however, we must affirm the complexity of human experience,

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including biology, rather than accept reductive accounts that take us further away from the truth.

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FOR YOU

Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Judith Butler on Gender». Чаще всего повторяются слова: gender, ideology, fear, studies, framework. В этом видео 107 предложений и 1537 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 12:02. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 128 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 78% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
ideology существительное	/aɪ.diˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/	идеоло́гия, мировоззре́ние
framework существительное	/ˈfɹeɪm.wɜːk/	о́стов, ко́рпус
anxiety существительное	/æŋˈzaɪ.əti/	беспоко́йство, трево́га
complexity существительное	/kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/	сло́жность
doctrine существительное	/ˈdɑk.tɹɪn/	доктри́на, ве́ра
norm существительное	/nɔːm/	но́рма
inequality существительное	/ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/	нера́венство
establish глагол	/ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/	устана́вливать, установи́ть
increasingly наречие		всё бо́льше и бо́льше, всё бо́лее и бо́лее
equality существительное	/ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/	ра́венство
inquiry существительное	/ɪnˈkwaɪ(ə)ɹi/	запро́с, рассле́дование
discipline существительное	/ˈdɪsəplɪn/	дисципли́на, дисциплини́рованность
biology существительное	/baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/	биоло́гия
productive прилагательное	/pɹəˈdʌk.tɪv/	продукти́вный, производи́тельный
communicate глагол	/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/	сообща́ть, сообщи́ть

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
make up глагол	/ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/	составля́ть, соста́вить
shut down глагол		выключить, остановить

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is also communicated · are organized · are unsettled
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	one that does · Those who are · instabilities, which is
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have given · has become · have learned

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Звуки «th»: authoritarian /əˌθɑ.ɹəˈtɛɹ.i.ən/, ethnography /ɛθˈnɑɡɹəfi/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: exclusion /ɪksˈkluːʒən/, establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: ideology /aɪ.diˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, equality /ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: framework /ˈfɹeɪm.wɜːk/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, equality /ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, inquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪ(ə)ɹi/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/
/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/, hierarchy /ˈhaɪ.ə.ɹɑː(ɹ).ki/, heighten /ˈhaɪ̯.tən/, heteronormative /ˌhɛtəɹoʊˈnoɹmətɪv/, homogeneity /ˌhoʊ.mə.d͡ʒəˈniː.ə.ti/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: productive /pɹəˈdʌk.tɪv/, destructive /dɪˈstɹʌktɪv/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/, phrase /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/, pose /poʊz/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как ideology, framework, anxiety.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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Практика Shadowing: Judith Butler on Gender - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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