Практика Shadowing: New Headway Pre-Intermediate 5th Edition - Unit 2: Let's Get Together || Student's Book - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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1
Hello.
2
Welcome to Unit 2.
3
My name's Alex and I'm a teacher in Bristol, England.
4
This unit is all about interacting with other people.
5
Family, friends, neighbours.
6
You'll practice talking about the people you know using present tenses.
7
I have a brother Tim.
8
He's a student.
9
He's studying law at Bristol University.
10
We'll also look at the differences between have and have got, and you'll practice using them to talk about possessions.
11
I've got an iPhone, but I haven't got an iPad.
12
Vocabulary and speaking focuses on free time activities for your perfect day.
13
What do you like doing in your free time?
14
What's your idea of a perfect day?
15
My perfect day would be having breakfast at home and going for a walk in the mountains.
16
My perfect day is a day that I can sleep as long as I want
17
and the weather is like cloudy and not hot.
18
My perfect day would be to go to the sea with my friends and stay there until the sunset.
19
How independent are you?
20
Do you worry too much about what other people think?
21
Do you like spending time alone?
22
In reading and speaking, you'll complete an independence quiz to find out how independent you really are.
23
In Everyday English, you'll look at how to have successful conversations in English.
24
You'll learn what to say to show interest in the other person,
25
and how to answer questions with more than just a yes or a no. Do you need more skills practice?
26
Go online to improve your reading, listening, speaking or writing. Have fun.
27
See you soon.
28
Chloe and Leah are identical twins aged nine.
29
They have an older brother and sister, Luke, 11 and Jessica, 13.
30
We've got similar personalities and we're very different from Luke and Jessica.
31
We're both shy on our own, but we feel much braver when we're together, don't we, Leah?
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Yeah, I always want to be with Chloe.
33
I never feel sad when I'm with her.
34
Well, not really sad.
35
I feel so lucky that I've got a best friend who is always there.
36
We usually wear the same clothes.
37
I love it when we look identical.
38
People say we're starting to look more different now and I hate that.
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I don't like it when I'm not with Leah, but I think it's a good idea to spend a bit more time apart now.
40
We're getting older and we can't live together when we're grown -ups.
41
Why not?
42
2 .2 Liam and Dylan Clark Liam and Dylan are twenty.
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They don't have any other brothers or sisters.
44
I don't really like being a twin.
45
People see identical twins as special, but they don't see what's different and special about you on your own.
46
I find I often try to be different from Liam.
47
I sometimes want the same thing as him in a restaurant, but I never order it.
48
I think we are different from most twins because we spend more time apart.
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We were in different classes at school and now we're at different universities.
50
Dylan's studying drama in Manchester and I'm doing physics in Leeds.
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We don't feel so competitive now that we're living very different lives, but I still really want to beat him at sports.
52
I'm happy we're more independent now.
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I've got a lovely girlfriend in Manchester and I don't talk to Liam about her.
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I think he's jealous.
55
2 .3.
56
Being a twin.
57
Chloe and Leah.
58
1. How do they feel when they're together?
59
Much braver.
60
2 Why does Leah always want to be with Chloe?
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Because she never feels sad when she's with her.
62
3 Do they always wear the same clothes?
63
No, not always, but they usually do.
64
4 Are they starting to look different now?
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Yes, they are.
66
Five How does Leah feel about that?
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She hates it.
68
Six Why does Chloe think it's good to spend more time apart?
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Because they're getting older.
70
Liam and Dylan Seven Why doesn't Dylan like being a twin?
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Because people don't see what's special about you.
72
8. What does Dylan never order in a restaurant?
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The same thing as Liam.
74
9. Where are Liam and Dylan living?
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Liam is living in Leeds and Dylan is living in Manchester.
76
Ten What are they studying?
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Liam is studying physics and Dylan is studying drama.
78
Eleven Why don't they feel so competitive now?
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Because they're living different lives.
80
12. Which twin has got a girlfriend?
81
Dylan.
82
2 .4.
83
Talking to Chloe and Leah.
84
So, you both say that having a twin sister stops you feeling nervous about things.
85
Yes.
86
We're practising for a school play at the moment and I don't like speaking in front of lots of people.
87
But when I see Chloe, I feel braver.
88
Do you both sometimes know how the other person is feeling?
89
Yes.
90
Sometimes I'm going to say, let's go to the park.
91
But before I can say it, Chloe says, shall we go to the park?
92
And I see you're wearing the same clothes today.
93
Yeah.
94
Do you like doing that, Chloe?
95
Not all the time.
96
Leah likes wearing dresses, but sometimes I want to wear jeans.
97
2 .5.
98
Talking to Liam and Dylan.
99
So, you don't like being a twin, Dylan?
100
Well, sometimes it's good, but I often think people only see me as a twin.
101
They don't see me as me.
102
You say you're not as similar as other twins, Liam.
103
Why is that?
104
Well, we weren't always in the same class at school because we did different subjects.
105
And we have very different interests now.
106
I like science and Dylan prefers arts and drama.
107
And we're living in different cities, so we have different friends.
108
And do you think you're not so competitive now, Dylan?
109
Well, I always want to do things better than Liam.
110
But you can't be competitive when you're doing completely different things.
111
I'm no good at science.
112
And he's rubbish at acting.
113
I'm not rubbish, I just don't like it.
114
It's always a challenge bringing up children.
115
Teaching them how to be independent and look after themselves is not easy.
116
But how does that work when you are bringing up twins who have someone to depend on right next to them?
117
The Department of Twin Research at King's College London has a
118
database of over 12 ,000 twins who are taking part in a fascinating research programme
119
Throughout their lifetimes, the twins regularly visit
120
St Thomas' Hospital in London to have a range of medical tests
121
The two sides of your face and they will capture.
122
So this one's your 3D photos.
123
It's interesting.
124
Today, hundreds of pairs of twins taking part in the program have come to a summer party at the hospital.
125
It's a chance to meet other twins and share their experiences.
126
So why are all these twins so important to scientists?
127
All identical twins like Zand and Chris share 100 % of their genes.
128
They are genetically identical.
129
This is quite peculiar, isn't it?
130
Amazing.
131
Twins usually look exactly the same, and they often have very similar abilities, interests and personalities.
132
Chris and I are similar in that we enjoy the same things, we both have a lot of the same friends.
133
We both did medical degrees, we did exactly the same A -levels, we got more or less the same grades.
134
But identical twins can also be good at different things.
135
I think I am different to you.
136
I think I do have some free choice.
137
There are differences in our personalities.
138
I remember when we were ten and I failed, you know, I came bottom of the class in every single exam and everyone said,
139
oh, you know, why don't you just work a bit harder like your brother and you do a bit better.
140
So if two people are genetically identical, why is one loud and independent and the other quiet and shy?
141
Or why does one get an illness and the other doesn't?
142
It is these differences between identical twins that are so important to researchers.
143
They give us a clearer picture of the influence of nature, our genes, and nurture, how we live,
144
on the development of our personality and health.
145
And scientists hope that this can help them to identify and prevent health problems in the future.
146
Runyararo and Ruffaro Mapfumo are twins.
147
They live together in East London.
148
My name is Ruffaro Mapfumo.
149
I'm 20 years old.
150
I'm 23 minutes older than my twin sister and I study biomedical science at Middlesex University.
151
I'm Runyararo Mapfumo, also 20 years old and I'm studying film and visual effects at Sheffield Hallam University.
152
For Afaro and Runyararo, there are many more advantages to being twins than disadvantages.
153
Having a double wardrobe is great as a twin.
154
One of the advantages about being a twin is getting to play tricks on people.
155
When we were younger we swapped classes a few times, which was interesting.
156
I went to her math class and she went to my English class
157
and we swapped because we thought we'd be really funny.
158
We never got caught though.
159
We used to look even more similar.
160
When they were teenagers, the Mapfumo twins did some acting.
161
They learnt new skills.
162
But, as at school, they were still able to take each other's place when necessary.
163
Because they were twins, they once had the chance to work on a Harry Potter film.
164
They would give us one role and divide that between us.
165
So I would go on set for three hours
166
while Runuara was in school and then once I'd finished
167
and I'd had my time on set they used to swap us over.
168
So I suppose that's good because even though we got to do what we loved,
169
we still had enough time to go to school and get a really good education as well.
170
Ruffara's a bit more of a joker she likes to make everybody laugh whereas I could possibly be seen as more serious.
171
Ronyo Aro has a lot of patience and I think
172
when you do film you need to have a lot of patience
173
and kind of speak to the people you're working with
174
and artists and be able to guide them patiently whereas I kind of want things done then
175
and there I have a little bit less patience.
176
It's always nice having somebody that you have a close connection to and having a twin, I don't think there's a stronger bond.
177
It's like living with your best friend really.
178
I love that.
179
That's nice seeing that.
180
Yeah.
181
Us dressed the same with our jackets.
182
I think that's probably when we looked most similar actually.
183
Yeah.
184
Rachel Mapfumo is the mother of the Mapfumo twins.
185
For our audition, our first audition as twins.
186
I remember buying those t -shirts in Max and Spencers.
187
So what's it like raising identical twins?
188
I had to rely a lot on my parents because having two babies, they had different times of feeding.
189
That was one of the difficulties.
190
Different times of sleeping and so you'll find if you didn't have any help then you'll be up 24 7.
191
Another difficulty is the cost.
192
Everything you pay for is double.
193
Not so much when they're young but when they're older it becomes very costly.
194
The girls bonded right from the first day.
195
I used to keep them more or less together.
196
They had different cribs, they had separate chairs,
197
but for some reason they always used to reach out for each other or look out for each other.
198
Yes.
199
Oh yes.
200
Oh very nice.
201
I remember that.
202
We were in Wimbledon.
203
The problem I found was that the teachers could not differentiate between the two girls who was Rufaro and who was Runyalaro.
204
Yeah, very nice.
205
Smiling at the back garden.
206
Your teddy making its way into every picture.
207
Is that you or Runyararu?
208
Oh wait, that's not you.
209
That's your sister.
210
Sometimes it seems the girls can communicate without talking.
211
We didn't go startling for a long time.
212
I can't even tell you sometimes as a mother what they do, but I know they have a silent way of communicating.
213
If Runyalaro is say at Sheffield and Rufaro is in London and if something is happening to Runyalaro that she's not happy,
214
Rufaro can pick it up.
215
She was in the library and she left to go to the toilet
216
and when she got back her laptop had been stolen
217
and she was quite upset she hadn't rang me
218
or she hadn't rang her sister but at the moment
219
when she was so desperate her sister rang her from London to say
220
if she was alright because she just felt something was going on
221
so it's things like that as well even when there are parts
222
that they can still communicate they know if one is in trouble
223
or if one is not happy or if one is happy for them for that matter
224
They've got a very close bond.
225
I don't worry so much about them because I know they've got each other.
226
They talk to one another
227
and the most interesting is at the moment to see them grow up to be very confident and individual young ladies.
228
2 .6.
229
Talking about you.
230
1. Do you have a car?
231
Yes, I do.
232
No, I don't.
233
2. Have you got a big flat?
234
Yes, I have.
235
No, I haven't.
236
3 I don't have a camera.
237
I haven't got an iPhone.
238
2 .7.
239
State verbs.
240
1. Is this the way to the bus station?
241
I don't know.
242
Sorry.
243
2. I love your dress.
244
Where did you get it?
245
Three.
246
I'm not good at being on my own.
247
I need to be with people.
248
Four.
249
I think grammar is really boring.
250
I don't agree.
251
I find it interesting.
252
Five.
253
I'm sorry.
254
I don't understand.
255
I don't speak French.
256
Six.
257
He's very rich.
258
He owns three houses in London.
259
You look sad.
260
What's wrong?
261
Sorry I'm late.
262
Don't worry.
263
It doesn't matter.
264
It's my 70th birthday tomorrow.
265
I don't believe you.
266
You don't look a day over 60.
267
10. I don't know that word, solitary.
268
What does it mean?
269
2 .8 Things I like doing A.
270
Play games on my phone
271
Do puzzles Go to the gym
272
Have a lie -in B.
273
Meet friends for a drink
274
Watch dramas on TV B.
275
Chat on the phone.
276
Go out for a meal.
277
C. Listen to music. Do nothing.
278
Take photos.
279
Read magazines.
280
D. Have a barbecue.
281
Go for a long walk.
282
Visit other cities.
283
Shop for clothes.
284
I don't feel like cooking tonight.
285
Shall we go out for a meal?
286
I always listen to music on headphones when I'm on the train to work.
287
I never shop for clothes online.
288
I like to try things on first.
289
4. I sometimes do nothing all day on Sundays.
290
I'm so busy the rest of the week.
291
5. On Saturdays I have a lie -in.
292
I stay in bed till 11 sometimes.
293
6. It's a lovely day.
294
Let's invite some friends round and have a barbecue in the garden.
295
Seven I often meet friends for a drink in the pub near my office after work.
296
Eight Let's go for a long walk in the countryside this afternoon.
297
Nine You take really good photos.
298
Do you use a camera or just your phone?
299
Ten I like doing crossword puzzles with my wife.
300
I try to get the answers first.
301
2 .10 Mrs Crumble There's a young man living in the flat below me at the moment.
302
I think his name's Alfie Smith.
303
I once got one of his letters by mistake.
304
I gave it back to the postman the next day.
305
I don't talk to Alfie.
306
He never says hello to me.
307
He hasn't got a job.
308
Well, he doesn't go out to work in the morning like most people, that's for sure.
309
He doesn't get up till the afternoon.
310
And he's never dressed for work.
311
He never wears a suit or anything smart.
312
He wears jeans and a T -shirt all the time.
313
Goodness knows where he gets his money from.
314
But he seems to go out every night.
315
He goes to bed very late.
316
I never see him come home.
317
It's all fun and no work for young people these days
318
There are people coming in
319
and out of his flat all day long I've no idea how many people are staying there Four, five?
320
Have none of them got jobs to go to?
321
He's got a girlfriend, she's very pretty
322
Blonde hair, dyed
323
She's living with him I know young people often live together nowadays, but I don't like it.
324
Living together and not married, it's not right.
325
And why does he make so much noise?
326
It's because he doesn't think about me upstairs.
327
Listen, there it goes now.
328
He's listening to loud music again.
329
He listens to it all the time.
330
Oh, young people these days, they live in their own world and they just don't care about anyone else.
331
They don't even notice old people like me.
332
He probably doesn't even know who I am.
333
2 .11 Alfie Things are going well right now.
334
I've got this great new flat.
335
I love it.
336
The only thing is, it's below an old lady, and that's a bit difficult.
337
Her name's Mrs Crumble.
338
I always say hello when I see her in her garden.
339
Hello Mrs Crumble, how are you?
340
Or, nice day Mrs Crumble.
341
But she never answers.
342
I think she's a bit deaf.
343
She probably thinks I'm unemployed, because I don't go out to work in the morning, and I don't wear a suit or anything.
344
Just jeans and a t -shirt usually.
345
You see, I'm a musician.
346
I play the saxophone, and at the moment I'm playing in a band in a jazz club.
347
I don't start till eight o 'clock at night, and I don't finish till two in the morning, so I sleep from three till eleven.
348
There's only me living here, but some of the other guys in the band are using my flat to keep their instruments in,
349
so they come in and out a lot.
350
I've got a lovely girlfriend, she's the singer in the band.
351
She lives on the other side of town, but she comes here a lot, obviously.
352
I know I make quite a bit of noise practising my saxophone, and I'm giving saxophone lessons here at the moment to make some more money.
353
I'm sorry, but what can I do?
354
You can't play the saxophone very quietly.
355
I know Mrs Crumble watches me all the time.
356
It's sad, really.
357
She's got nothing else to do.
358
I'd like to get to know her and maybe offer to help if she needs it.
359
But she's so suspicious of young people.
360
I'm sure she thinks we're all lazy and sit around taking drugs.
361
Ha!
362
I work really hard.
363
2 .12 1.
364
First Days of School John and Maria Hello.
365
My name's John.
366
I teach here.
367
What's your name?
368
Maria Hi, Maria.
369
Where are you from?
370
Italy Ah, OK.
371
Where in Italy are you from?
372
Florence Ah, Florence.
373
I love Florence.
374
It's beautiful.
375
So, what do you do in Florence?
376
I'm a student
377
Ah, I see.
378
What are you studying?
379
Psychology That's interesting.
380
And, er, are you enjoying being in London?
381
Yes.
382
Well, I've got some work to do before I teach my next class.
383
So, nice to talk to you, Maria.
384
See you around, I'm sure.
385
Bye.
386
Maggie and Jean -Jacques Hello, my name's Maggie.
387
I'm a teacher here.
388
What's your name?
389
Hi, I'm Jean -Jacques.
390
Nice to meet you, Maggie. And you.
391
Where are you from, Jean -Jacques?
392
I'm French.
393
I live in Paris.
394
Paris, as you say in English.
395
But I'm from the south, from Provence.
396
Do you know the south of France?
397
Yes, I do.
398
It's beautiful.
399
It's true, it is.
400
So, Maggie, where are you from?
401
I'm from Scotland.
402
Oh, really?
403
That's interesting.
404
I want to go there while I'm here.
405
Scotland's a beautiful country too, isn't it?
406
Oh, yes, very.
407
Lots of mountains and lakes.
408
And what do you do in France, Jean -Jacques?
409
I'm an architect.
410
I design very expensive houses for rich people.
411
Wow, that's an interesting job.
412
Are you enjoying being in London?
413
Lots of art galleries to look at here.
414
Absolutely.
415
I'm having a really good time.
416
There's so much to see here in London and I want to see more of the UK too.
417
So what do you do when you're not teaching, Maggie?
418
I like going for long walks.
419
There are some lovely ones around here.
420
You should try them.
421
I will.
422
What class are you teaching?
423
4 F.
424
Oh, brilliant.
425
That's my class.
426
You're my teacher.
427
Oh, that's nice.
428
Well, it's nearly 9 .30.
429
Let's go to class.
430
I'll follow you.
431
2 .13.
432
Keeping a conversation going.
433
1. What a lovely day it is today.
434
Yes, beautiful, isn't it?
435
It's certainly a lot nicer than yesterday.
436
2. Are you having a good time in Edinburgh?
437
Yes, I am.
438
It's a really interesting city and there's so much to do.
439
I love the shops.
440
Three.
441
Have a good weekend.
442
Thanks, you two.
443
Are you doing anything interesting?
444
Four.
445
Did you have a nice weekend?
446
Yes, I did, despite the weather.
447
We stayed in and watched nearly all of Netflix.
448
What did you do?
449
Five.
450
What are you doing tonight?
451
Nothing special.
452
I'm a bit tired, so I think I'll have an early night.
453
What about you?
454
6. How's your mother these days?
455
She's OK, thanks.
456
She's feeling a lot better.
457
Thanks for asking.
458
7. Did you watch that new crime drama last night?
459
No, I didn't.
460
I was out.
461
But I've recorded it, though.
462
Was it good?
463
Eight.
464
I like your shoes.
465
Thank you.
466
They're new.
467
I got them last week in a sale.
468
I like your skirt, too.
469
Nine.
470
If you have any problems, just ask.
471
Thanks.
472
That's very kind of you.
473
I will.
474
I'm sure you're very busy, though.
475
Thank you.
476
Thank you.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «New Headway Pre-Intermediate 5th Edition - Unit 2: Let's Get Together |». В этом видео 469 предложений и 3640 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 34:10. Говорящий говорит медленно, около 107 слов в минуту, поэтому есть время повторить каждый звук. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием. Вопросов здесь 72 из 469 предложений, так что это хорошая тренировка вопросительной интонации и коротких ответов.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| twin существительное | /twɪn/ | близне́ц, близня́шка |
| identical прилагательное | /ɪˈdɛntɪkl̩/ | иденти́чный, одина́ковый |
| cloth существительное | /klɒθ/ | ткань, мате́рия |
| brave прилагательное | /bɹeɪv/ | хра́брый, сме́лый |
| communicate глагол | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | сообща́ть, сообщи́ть |
| patience существительное | /ˈpeɪ̯.ʃəns/ | терпе́ние, терпели́вость |
| swap глагол | /ˈswɑp/ | меня́ться, поменя́ться |
| meal существительное | /ˈmiːl/ | еда́, пи́ща |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | тогда́ как, в то вре́мя как |
| physics существительное | /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ | фи́зика |
| gene существительное | /d͡ʒiːn/ | ген |
| difficulty существительное | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | тру́дность, сло́жность |
| scientist существительное | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | учёный, учёная |
| puzzle существительное | /ˈpʌzəl/ | зага́дка, затрудне́ние |
| rubbish существительное | /ˈɹʌbɪʃ/ | чепуха́, ерунда́ |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| bring up глагол | воспи́тывать, воспита́ть |
| find out глагол | узнава́ть, узна́ть |
| get up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться |
| go out глагол | выходи́ть, вы́йти |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- What do you like doing in your free time?
- What's your idea of a perfect day?
- Do you like spending time alone?
- I'm sorry, but what can I do?
- How's your mother these days?
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| «Used to» used to + глагол — прошлая привычка или состояние, которых больше нет | used to look · used to swap · used to keep |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have come · I've recorded |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | be seen · had been stolen |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | friend who is · times, which was |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 145 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, I'm, we're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: cloth /klɒθ/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: patience /ˈpeɪ̯.ʃəns/, rubbish /ˈɹʌbɪʃ/, audition /ɑˈdɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, genetically /d͡ʒəˈneɾɪkli/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: twin /twɪn/, swap /ˈswɑp/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, quietly /ˈkwaɪ.ɪt.li/, quiz /kwɪz/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, headphones /ˈhɛdfoʊnz/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: brave /bɹeɪv/, jeans /d͡ʒiːnz/, bind /ˈbaɪ̯nd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, jazz /d͡ʒæz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как twin, identical, cloth.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.