Практика Shadowing: NGINX Explained - What is Nginx - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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By the end of this video, you will know not only what Nginx is,
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but also why it was created and what it's used for with real life examples.
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Back in the day when the web was still simple with less users, the basic use case was a browser requested a web page from one web server.
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The web server was a server machine that had a software installed on it
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that assembled the page and sent it back to the browser, which then displayed it to the user a piece of software
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that runs on a server machine and can respond to requests from a browser.
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And that web server software, that was Nginx, a piece of software that runs on a server machine and can respond to requests from a browser.
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Then web became popular, so you had thousands or millions of requests per website.
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Imagine one single server handling millions of requests.
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That's way over the technical limit of a server software.
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Well, we need a few more servers to handle that load.
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So we added 10 Nginx web servers.
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But now we need something that determines where requests from the browser and which one of those 10 servers will handle them.
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And that's where load balancing comes in.
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So the same Nginx web server becomes a load balancer that proxies the requests to those 10 web servers.
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And by the way, the word proxy means to do something on someone else's behalf.
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So it accepts the browser requests on behalf of the web servers.
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like a concierge
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and then distributes the load among the web servers now how does it distribute the load
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that depends on whichever algorithm was configured on it it could
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be a simple logic such as just whichever server is least busy gets the request
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or it could be a round robin which is a popular algorithm
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that basically distributes the requests equally in a cyclical manner So very simple load balancing logic.
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So now we have Nginx as web server software.
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and the proxy as well and
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that load balancing is just one of the functionalities of nginx proxy
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so it's the same server and technology but with a different task now
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so what are those other features or functionalities of a proxy
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Imagine New York Times article comes out and millions of people open it on their laptops in the browser.
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Now imagine every time the request landed with one of the web servers that assembled the response,
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like put the images together, get them from a database, put text and paragraphs and everything together, edit all the links, sent it back as a response.
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to assemble this article, get all the data from a database, put the text and links and everything together once and store it.
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It's a static article, it's not going to change, right?
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So just keep one final copy and send it to everyone who requests it.
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That's caching functionality and it is another main feature of Nginx Proxy server.
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So you can configure caching on Nginx Proxy
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so you don't have to hit the database or the web servers every time a request comes in.
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It will just return that cached file.
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Now imagine we have 100 servers of an online banking application or a social network like Facebook.
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That makes those servers a pretty juicy target for hackers.
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They all want to hack into your servers and get the treasure, which is payment data, personal data, passwords, and so on.
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Now imagine you exposed all 100 servers to public access.
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So basically all those requests can directly hit each of the web servers.
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hackers so much easier.
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They would need to find just one issue in one of those hundred servers, and they could potentially break into your entire system.
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Because all your servers are publicly accessible directly, they can just ping the hell out of them
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and probe them until they find an issue or an entry because you forgot to update a library or a software package, and they can hack your web server application.
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So you have to worry about absolutely perfectly securing hundred servers.
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Instead, we just give them one server.
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That is the only one that's publicly accessible.
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You can put all your tightest security efforts on one server instead of 100 servers.
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And this way having one entry point, which is the proxy, as publicly accessible entry point,
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reduces the security attack surface tremendously and basically acts like a shield or security layer before all those web servers.
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So in addition to load balancing and caching,
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a very, very important functionality of a proxy is an edit security for your web servers.
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Now talking about security, I mentioned that since we have one entry point, we can focus all our efforts to securing that one proxy server in all aspects.
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And one important security measure is encrypted communication.
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So front -end will send encrypted message to the proxy, which means even if an attacker sees that traffic on user's browser or during the transmission, they can't read it.
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Only the proxy server can decrypt it.
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But again, for edit security in many systems, proxy that acts as a shield,
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a security shield, will simply pass on that encrypted message to the web servers and the web server will decrypt it.
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itself which is actually a better security practice.
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So here the functionality of a proxy is to be able to accept encrypted traffic with SSL encryption.
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So you can configure your proxy to deny any requests that is not encrypted and only accept encrypted requests.
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Now imagine Netflix, which by the way uses Nginx in its backend.
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And as we know, Netflix has millions of users, so it's getting millions of requests for videos on its web servers.
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And let's say it's an evening in New York, millions of people come home after work, All at the same time,
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they switch on Netflix and start watching the most popular series at that time.
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That means suddenly at the very same time, millions of requests for a high quality video is sent to Netflix.
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So in this case, imagine
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that Nginx proxy server would have to send back the entire high quality video to millions of users at once.
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That's a lot of bandwidth.
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internet cables all the way to the TVs of millions of viewers.
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That's where compression helps nginxproxy can also be configured to compress large images
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or video files to save bandwidth both on the side of the clients
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so people who are receiving those large files
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but also on the server side who is sending all
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that content so it arrives faster and it uses up less of your internet bandwidth
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and as part of it it also supports sending responses in chunks instead of the entire
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part of the video and then by the time you have watched the first half, the second half of the video has been sent over to you as well.
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So these are all the functionalities that you can configure for Nginx as a proxy server.
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Now, you may be thinking, how do you make Nginx do all these things?
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How do you configure them?
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How do you tell Nginx whether it should act as a web server or a proxy server?
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And how do you configure all this caching and SSL traffic and all this stuff?
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Well, that's where Nginx configuration file comes in, which lets you define all this configuration with so -called directives.
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This is where you can define whether you want your Nginx to be a web server or a proxy server,
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simply by configuring whether it should forward the traffic to other web servers or whether it should handle it itself.
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You can configure which port you want Nginx server to listen on.
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This is an example of a simple web server configuration
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that listens on port 80
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and with location basically defines from where in the file system it should serve those static files back but as we learned,
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communicating on port 80 or HTTP port is insecure.
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Instead, we want to encrypt all the communication.
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And you can configure
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that easily in Nginx to route any traffic coming on port 80 to HTTPS by sending those requests to HTTPS endpoint.
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key and the private key for the SSL communication and it listens on the HTTPS port 443.
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So that's a simple configuration that allows you to tweak Nginx to handle requests like that.
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You also have its own configuration to configure load balancing to multiple backend servers
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and within that configuration you can also define which load balancing algorithm to use like select the least which as I said,
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just equally distributes the load in a cyclical order between those servers.
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You also have the caching configuration with multiple different elements, like how long the cache should be stored before it's refreshed and so on.
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And as you see, the configuration of all these functionalities is pretty straightforward, and it's also pretty granular.
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Like you can do tons of different configurations with Nginx, directives in this list here,
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which is a pretty huge list, and you see the configurations for proxy functionalities have proxy prefix, so you can differentiate them as well.
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Now, Nginx is very flexible, as you see, and super fast as well.
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So it became very popular in containers as well
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and made its way as one of the most popular solutions for Kubernetes Ingress Controller functionality.
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Ingress Controller is essentially a proxy with advanced load balancing functionality, but for Kubernetes.
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So what Nginx was doing for simple web servers, it's now doing for Kubernetes Cluster in the form of Ingress Controller.
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proxy and load balancer that receives the incoming traffic first and then based on the configuration that we define,
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forwards it to the right service inside the cluster.
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Now, this load balancing configuration as well as the logic is more advanced and more Kubernetes specific, but the idea is pretty much the same.
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And I actually have full videos on Ingress and Ingress controller and how to configure it.
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You can watch on my channel.
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In fact, I create these tutorials regularly on a lot of interesting technology.
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So if you want to educate yourself in tech, make sure to subscribe and activate notification to get those new tutorial videos.
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Now there are actually many English controller implementations out there for Kubernetes but Nginx is one of the most popular ones.
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And I have actually used Nginx Ingress Controller in most of my projects as well.
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Now, some of you may be thinking, doesn't each cloud platform have its own load balancer?
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Why do I need Nginx as a load balancer?
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Well, you actually need both.
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Nginx Ingress Controller, which acts as a load balancer, is used inside the cluster.
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accessible so you can't access the nginx ingress controller directly from the browser it actually lives inside the cluster network
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and forwards the requests internally
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so who is getting the requests from public what is the
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public entry point for the browser requests that's the cloud load balancer like aws elb for example
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which then forwards that request to the ingress controller inside the very important security layer to those requests.
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So the cluster component is never directly exposed to public access.
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Instead, every request comes from the cloud load balancer, which then forwards it to the Ingress controller within the cluster,
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which then routes the traffic based on intelligent logic to different applications within the cluster.
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And with intelligent routing, what I mean is, of sub -segments or microservices, for example, you can configure your English controller.
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So if the request URL includes Online cart, it routes the traffic to online cart microservice.
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If it includes payment, it routes the traffic to payment service and so on.
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Now, some of you who've been in IT for a little longer may have worked with Apache web server.
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So what's the difference between Apache web server and Nginx web server?
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Well, not much, actually.
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Nginx and Apache web servers do pretty much the same thing.
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Just like Nginx, Apache also used to be a basic web server,
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extended its functionality as a proxy and it has all these benefits and functionalities of a proxy that we discussed.
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Apache was actually already widely used when Nginx was created and the major benefit of Nginx was that it was faster,
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more lightweight and definitely had an advantage when it came to serving huge amounts of static files.
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Plus, as you saw, it has a pretty easy configuration as well.
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And Nginx also became more popular in the container world.
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Now, I hope you got a clear overview of what Nginx is
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and hope I've answered all the questions you may have had while learning about Nginx.
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And with that, thank you for watching and see you in the next video.
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Контекст и фон
В этом видео рассматривается важный аспект веб-технологий — Nginx. Он был создан для обеспечения эффективного взаимодействия между браузером и серверами, что в первые дни интернета было намного проще из-за меньшего числа пользователей. Сложности начали возникать, когда количество запросов на один сервер стало расти до миллионы, что привело к необходимости использования множества серверов и технологии балансировки нагрузки. Это видео объясняет, как Nginx отвечает на запросы и выполняет функции прокси-сервера, а также фокусируется на других важных функциях, таких как кэширование и безопасность.
Топ-5 фраз для повседневного общения
- Что такое Nginx? — Введение в концепцию.
- Как Nginx помогает справиться с большим количеством запросов? — Объяснение балансировки нагрузки.
- Что такое прокси-сервер? — Роль прокси в работе серверов.
- Как работает кэширование в Nginx? — Обоснование важности кэширования.
- Почему важна безопасность серверов? — Риски, связанные с доступом к серверам.
Пошаговое руководство по шадоунгу
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- Просмотрите видео один раз без остановки. Это поможет вам понять общий смысл и контекст. Обратите внимание на произношение ключевых фраз.
- Перемотайте видео и остановите на каждой ключевой фразе. Запишите, что вы слышите, и попытайтесь произнести это сами. Используйте метод shadowspeaks для повторения.
- Сравните свое произношение с оригиналом. Используйте shadow speech для оценки произношения и интонации.
- Практикуйте произнесение фраз несколько раз. Таким образом, вы сможете более уверенно использовать их в повседневном разговоре.
- Завершите практику, обсудив важные моменты видео с кем-то еще или запишите собственное объяснение. Это поможет вам закрепить тему и улучшить навыки улучшить произношение английского.
Следуя этому пошаговому плану на нашем шадоунг сайте, вы существенно улучшите свои навыки общения на английском языке и освоите необходимые фразы для повседневного использования.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.