Практика Shadowing: Terraform Scenario Based Interview Questions and Answers | DevOps Interview - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

In this video we look at most asked Terraform interview questions along with answers and also learning resources to help you out.

Alright so I'm here on my computer screen

and I have all this different Terraform interview questions along with answers

and also learning materials to help you understand each topic properly.

Now in this document I have mostly real-time scenario-based Terraform interview questions

but I've also included some advanced Terraform interview questions like CICD with Terraform, automated testing in Terraform, upgrading Terraform version and lot more.

So make sure you watch this video till the end and

if you want me to share this document with you comment down Terraform interview questions

and answers and I will share this document as a pdf on LinkedIn

and also share the link of this document in the video description.

Now with that being said let's get started with this Terraform interview questions and answers video.

Let's go.

So whenever you sit for a Terraform interview the first typical question

that you will get is going to be what is Terraform and how it works.

So we all know Terraform is an infrastructure as code tool

that lets you write the code for the infrastructure that you want to create in the cloud.

When you write the code you then run the Terraform commands and Terraform will create this infrastructure in the cloud.

Terraform does this using the state file.

So a state file in Terraform is a file

that will store the data of all the infrastructure managed through Terraform

and Terraform uses the state file to compare with the actual

infrastructure on the cloud to tell us what is going to be created or deleted

according to the configuration you have in these files

so this is how Terraform works and

if you look at the answer here Terraform is an IAC tool

that lets you write code to define

and manage your infrastructure you describe your desired infrastructure in the configuration files

which are these files here the .tf files

and then Terraform figures out what needs to be done to achieve

that state and then make it happen by interacting with cloud providers

or other infrastructure platform here is the workflow you first write

the code you then plan to check what is going to be created

or deleted and then you apply it to have

that infrastructure on the cloud

so this is how terraform works moving on the next question

is a scenario based question where it says a devops engineer manually created infrastructure on aws

and now there is a requirement to use terraform to manage it.

How would you import these resources in the Terraform code?

Okay, so according to this question, an engineer has created some infrastructure on AWS manually and now they want this infrastructure to be managed through Terraform.

So how can you do that?

So let's consider this is an infrastructure

or an EC2 instance created manually through AWS console and now you want this to be managed through Terraform.

So for an infrastructure to be managed through Terraform, it has to be present inside the state file which is the state file here.

So we will start with creating the configuration first.

We will create the code which is going to be a resource block for this particular instance specifying the instance type, specifying the AMI used and all the other things.

Once you write the code for this to be inside the state file we will run the terraform import command.

So if you look at the answer here we first write the terraform configuration for the resources

that we want to be managed through terraform.

Once you write the code Then we run the Terraform import command and here is the command here.

So Terraform import with the resource type and the unique ID.

So we run Terraform import command for each resource specifying the resource type and its unique identifier.

Once you follow these two steps, then the infrastructure will be managed through Terraform and not manually.

So we have to repeat these steps or repeat this process for each resource that we want to manage through Terraform.

Now if you want to learn more about how Terraform import works, here is a great blog by Terraform itself

where they will tell you how you can use Terraform import command to manage infrastructure through Terraform rather than manually.

Moving on, the next scenario-based question is, you have multiple environments, dev, stage, prod for your application and you want to use the same code for all these environments.

How can you do that?

So according to the question, there are different environments for an application and you want to use the same Terraform code for all these different environments.

How can you do that?

To achieve this, we have actually two different approaches.

The first is using Terraform modules and the second is using Terraform workspaces.

So what is Terraform module?

A Terraform module is a block of code or a code template for infrastructure components.

And you define them once

and then you can use them with different configurations for various environments by passing in different parameters or different variables.

So this is the first approach where you can use the same code for different environments.

The second one is using Terraform workspaces.

using workspaces you will have different state files for different environments using the same code.

So Terraform workspace provides a way to manage separate states for the same set of configuration file.

Each workspace maintains its own state file allowing you to work on different environments concurrently without interfering with each other.

Here is a great block

that will help you understand how you can use the same

code with different multiple environments using the Terraform module approach and also using the Terraform workspace approach.

I recommend you checking this out

if you want to learn more about how you can use the same code with different environments.

Moving on, the next question is, what is Terraform state file and why it is important?

So we already know state file is something

that is going to have information about the resources managed through Terraform and this is usually a JSON file.

So if you look here, Terraform state file is a JSON or a binary file

that stores the current state of the managed infrastructure state file is like a blueprint

that stores information about the infrastructure you manage and it is crucial

because it helps terraform understand what's already set up what changes

need to be made by comparing the desired state with the

current one in the state file terraform can make accurate updates to your infrastructure

so this means terraform state file is very important for terraform to work

because using state file terraform actually compares the configuration with what you have on the cloud

and then it will actually create or to delete stuff.

So Terraform state file is a JSON file which is very important for Terraform to work.

So next question is a scenario based question.

A junior devops engineer accidentally deleted a state file.

What steps should we take to resolve this?

So we already know state file is very very important.

And in this question a junior devops engineer has accidentally deleted a state file.

What steps should we take to recreate it or resolve this?

So as we know state file is important.

It is always recommended to take backups.

So the first step is going to recover backup.

If there is a backup available try to restore the state file from the backup.

If there is no backup then you need to manually create state file

100

which is very time consuming and you can do this by using terraform import command.

101

So you will check what resources are there on the cloud

102

and using terraform import command you will import every single resource

103

and put them into the state file to recreate the state file.

104

Here is another great blog where the author accidentally deleted the state file

105

and then using terraform import command they recreated the state file.

106

So here is the terraform import command and how they use terraform import to recreate state file.

107

So make sure you always take backups.

108

If there are no backups you will have to recreate it manually using terraform import command.

109

checking each resource on the cloud.

110

Once you do that make sure to review and monitor if everything is working fine.

111

If you get this question in the interview the follow-up question

112

would be what are some best practices to manage Terraform state file?

113

So as we know Terraform state file is important

114

and I have been continuously saying this here are some best practices to make sure that you properly manage your state file.

115

The first best practice is to use remote storage

116

so rather than storing your state file locally in your local

117

machine like this you can store your state file on remote backends like S3, Azure Blob storage console and lot more

118

so you should always store the state file remotely for safety collaboration

119

and version control second is state locking

120

when you store your state files on remote backends you will obviously have collaboration

121

which means multiple people will constantly update the state file by running different terraform commands

122

so you need to enable state locking to make sure there are no conflicts

123

when it was multiple people are changing the state file so state locking will prevent conflicts in concurrent operations.

124

Next is to access control.

125

Make sure only authorized people or services have access to the state file to avoid deletion or corruption of the state file.

126

Next is automated backups.

127

Make sure to set up automated backups to prevent data loss for the state file.

128

And lastly, environment separation.

129

Maintain separate state files for each environments or utilize Terraform workspace to manage multiple state files.

130

So here are some different best practices to manage Terraform state file.

131

Let's move on.

132

The next question is your team is adopting a multi-cloud strategy

133

and you need to manage resources on both AWS and Azure using Terraform.

134

So how do you structure a Terraform code to handle this?

135

So according to the question, your team is adopting multi-cloud strategy where you want to create code on AWS as well as on Azure.

136

So how can you do that?

137

So we already know Terraform is a cloud agnostic

138

which means Terraform can work on different clouds at once

139

so you can also create resources on AWS also on Azure also on GCP

140

so you will do that by first defining the providers

141

if you want to create resources in AWS you will have

142

to define AWS as a provider in this case we are creating resources in AWS

143

and Azure so we will define provider for AWS

144

and Azure as well once you define the provider you will

145

then start with writing the code for the resources you want to create an AWS

146

and Azure so here are two steps

147

first you define the provider then you write the code for

148

different resources you want to create moving on the next scenario based question is there are some bash scripts

149

that you want to run after creating your resources with terraform how how would you achieve this

150

so you have some bash scripts

151

that you want to run after the resources are created you can do this using provisioners in terraform

152

so there are three different types of provisioners in terraform there is file provisioner local exec provision and remote exec provisioner

153

For us to run bash scripts we can use local exec provisioner and remote exec provisioner.

154

The difference between these two are local exec provisioners are used to run commands in your local machine.

155

Remote exec provisioners are used to run commands or run scripts inside your remote machines.

156

So here is a simple example.

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We are using a provisioner which is a remote exec provisioner and we are running some commands here.

158

The first command is to give permissions for the script

159

that you want to run and the second command is to actually run the script.

160

When you use remote or file provisioner, you also need to define the connection block, which is how you will connect to the remote machine where you want to run your scripts.

161

So you can see the explanation here.

162

In this configuration, we are using a remote exec provisioner, which executes a bash command on a remote machine via SSH.

163

You need to provide the necessary connection details such as SSH user, private key, and the host.

164

So this is how you can run bash scripts using remote exec provisioner

165

if you want to run it on remote machine

166

if you want to run it locally you can use local

167

exec provision as well moving on the next question is your

168

company is looking ways to enable high availability how can you

169

perform blue green deployments using terraform this is a very nice question

170

and i have brought this question a lot of times even sitting for interviews

171

so what is blue green deployment a blue green deployment is

172

a strategy where you have two identical environments a blue one

173

and a green one like this according to the question the

174

question is asking how can you use terraform to set up a blue green environment

175

so you can use terraform you can actually you can obviously use terraform to do this

176

so terraform facilitates this by defining two sets of infrastructure resources with slight variation

177

so maybe you can have two different auto scaling groups

178

or two different azure virtual machine scale sets what you can

179

do is you can create a new environment alongside with the existing one

180

which is going to be the green one and you will test if everything is working in the new environment

181

If everything works properly, you can then switch to traffic either using load balancers or using DNS records.

182

So you can see you first create a new environment alongside with the existing one.

183

You validate if everything is working fine in the green environment.

184

And if it is working fine, you can then use application load balancer or DNS records to switch traffic between these two.

185

Again, to understand this more clearly, I also have another blog or documentation by Terraform itself

186

and they have defined how you can use Terraform for blue-green deployment or for canary and rolling deployment as well.

187

So go through this to understand more on how you can use Terraform to set this up.

188

Moving on, the next question is, your company wants to automate Terraform through CI-CD pipelines.

189

How can you integrate Terraform with CI-CD pipelines?

190

This is again very very important

191

because every company is using CI CD pipelines to automate the Terraform infrastructure provisioning

192

so make sure you go through this answer very properly I

193

have also explained this very thoroughly in this particular video where

194

we have used GitLab CI CD to automate Terraform resource creation and deletion

195

so inside this video we have created a CI CD pipeline

196

using GitLab in this CI CD pipeline we have different stages for init, for plan, apply and destroy.

197

So similarly, for you to set up or automate your Terraform through CICD pipeline, you need to first push the Terraform code,

198

this code, onto a remote repository like GitHub or GitLab, wherever you want to set up a CICD pipeline.

199

Once you have your code there, you can then start with writing the CICD script, which will have different stages for init, for validate, for plan, for apply.

200

For apply you can either do it manually where you will

201

create merge request every time there is a change in the Terraform code

202

and once it is approved only then resource should be created.

203

Also you can set up approval for deletion as well.

204

So here are the different steps.

205

You first commit the code to version control system, set up a CI CD pipeline

206

that will check every time you make a change inside the Terraform code and you push it to this repository, the CI CD pipeline will run will run.

207

In the pipeline you can execute Terraform commands such as init, validate and plan to ensure the configurations are valid and generate an execution plan.

208

You can do this by defining different stages in the pipeline.

209

Use Terraform apply command to create or modify infrastructure based on approved changes.

210

So whenever you make a change you can then create a merge request.

211

When this merge request is accepted only then the apply stage should be done.

212

Optionally you can also use testing and verification tool to validate and deploy infrastructure.

213

So you can include different frameworks or different tools to include testing or to make sure your Terraform syntax is correct.

214

Finally, trigger additional pipeline stages for application deployment and testing and release.

215

Optionally, you can also have other CICD pipelines where you can use, you can also add other CICD pipelines for application deployment, testing and release.

216

So this is how you can integrate CICD pipelines with Terraform.

217

I highly recommend you checking out this video where i've explained

218

step by step on how you can use ci cd with

219

terraform to automate deployment on the cloud moving on the next

220

question is describe how you can use terraform with infrastructure deployment tools like ansible or chef

221

so in this question it is asking how you can use terraform with configuration management tools like terra like ansible

222

or chef so we all know terraform is an infrastructure provisioning tool which is used to create infrastructure

223

Whereas Ansible or Chef are configuration management tools which are used to configure stuff.

224

So using Terraform you can create EC2 instances but using Ansible you can install something on it.

225

So Terraform can be used in conjunction with infrastructure deployment tools like Ansible or Chef to manage infrastructure provisioning and configuration.

226

Ansible and Chef can handle tasks such as installing a software, configuring servers, managing services while Terraform focuses on infrastructure provisioning and orchestration.

227

So it is a very good practice to use these two tools together to create or achieve a comprehensive infrastructure automation solution.

228

Now if you have confusion between what is Terraform and what is Ansible and how they are different, you can check out this video where I have explained how Terraform

229

and Ansible are different from each other and what do they actually do.

230

So you can use Terraform with Ansible and that we have answered here.

231

Moving on the next question is your infrastructure contains database passwords and other sensitive information.

232

How can you manage secrets and sensitive data in Terraform?

233

This is a very very important question.

234

Companies are very concerned about how you manage secrets when working with Terraform.

235

So you need to know how to manage secrets like database passwords credentials when working with Terraform.

236

Here are some best practices that you can follow to manage secrets when working in Terraform.

237

The first best practice is never hard code secrets in your Terraform code.

238

Never put your database passwords, never put your credentials inside Terraform code because anyone will be able to see it even if you push it on repositories,

239

everyone will be able to see it.

240

So never hard code it in your code.

241

You can store secrets outside version control files, never push them on GitHub as well

242

and rather than storing it inside the code you can use tools like HashiCock Vault

243

or also cloud specific secret management services like Secrets Manager in AWS.

244

You can also use Terraform input variables

245

or environment variables where you can pass this information while you run the commands rather than storing them in the code.

246

So here are a few different best practices

247

that you can use to make sure that you can protect sensitive information and minimize the risk of exposing secrets

248

intentionally or unintentionally so moving on the next question is you have rds database

249

and ec2 instance created using terraform ec2 instance should be created

250

before rds how can you specify dependencies between two resources

251

so you have rds database

252

and you also have ec2 instances you want this ec2 instance to be created before the rds is created

253

so to do that you can use a meta argument

254

which is a depends on meta arguments using this depends on meta argument you can define

255

that the the EC2 should be created first and then the RDA should be created.

256

So in Terraform you can specify dependencies between resources using depends on attribute within the resource block

257

and I have explained this again in this video where I've

258

shown how you can use depends on argument to create resources first.

259

So make sure to watch this video

260

if you want to learn how you can use depends on meta argument to create resources before any other resource.

261

Moving on the next question is you have 20 servers you have 20 servers created through terraform

262

but you want to delete one of them is it possible

263

to destroy a single resource out of multiple resources using terraform

264

so this is again a very tricky question whenever you want

265

to delete stuff through terraform you will run the terraform destroy command

266

but when you run terraform destroy command everything

267

that is defined inside your configuration will be deleted

268

so let's say you have 20 servers how can you delete one of them

269

so if you want to delete just one of the resources defined among the 20 resources in the Terraform.

270

You can use Terraform destroy command with a target attribute here.

271

So it is possible we can use Terraform destroy target command followed by the resource type

272

and the name to destroy a specific resource.

273

So you can use target with the instance that you want to create

274

that you want to delete and it will only delete the particular instance rather than deleting all the 20 servers.

275

And again there is a documentation by Ashikopak

276

which will tell you how you can use terraform destroy with the target attribute here here

277

so make sure you go through this

278

if you want to understand more on how you can destroy

279

a particular resource rather than destroying everything now moving on the

280

next question is what are advantages of using Terraform's count feature over resource duplication

281

so in this question they're asking you what is the advantage of using count instead of resource duplication

282

so a count feature or a count meta argument is used to define how many resources you want to create.

283

For example, you can check here.

284

Here is the code to create AWS instance.

285

In this block of code, we are defining count as four, which means it will create four instances of these configuration.

286

Other way to do this is to rewrite the code four times.

287

With this, I'm not writing this code four times.

288

So this is the benefit.

289

Using count, you can create as many resources as you want without actually writing the code.

290

So using Terraform's count feature provides advantage over resource duplication by

291

allowing you to dynamically create multiple instances of a resource based on given condition

292

or a variable with count you can define a resource block with the count value

293

that evaluates an expression such as variable or conditional statement this reduces code duplication

294

and enable more efficient resource management and scalability

295

so it is always always advised to use count rather than

296

defining your code blocks multiple times you can also add some advanced expressions to enhance your Terraform code.

297

Here is the official documentation by Terraform on count meta argument.

298

I also have a short video on how you can use count

299

and count.index so if you want you can check it out.

300

Moving on the next question is what is Terraform's module registry and how can you leverage it?

301

This is again something that you need to know if you are working on Terraform.

302

A module registry is a place where you can find different modules that you can use rather than writing the code yourself.

303

So here is the module registry where you have different modules.

304

There is a module for IAM, there is a module for VPC, for S3 bucket, for EKS, everything.

305

So let's say you want to create EKS cluster.

306

Rather than writing the code yourself, you can just go ahead and use this module.

307

If you want to check the code for the module, you can also check the code here.

308

This module is created by Anton and then the code is present here on the GitHub.

309

So module registry is like a place where you can find all the different modules

310

that you can reuse rather than writing the code yourself.

311

So Terraform's module registry is a central repository for sharing and discovering Terraform modules.

312

The module registry allow users to publish their modules which are reusable and shareable components of Terraform configuration.

313

By leveraging the module registry you can easily discover existing modules that address your infrastructure need,

314

reducing the duplication of effort and you can reference modules in your Terraform code using their registry URL and provision.

315

For you to use any particular module, you can see a block here.

316

Inside the module block you can define a source as the module

317

that you want to use now moving on the next question

318

is how can you implement automated testing for terraform code this is again very important security is something

319

that you need to put everywhere even in your terraform code

320

so how can you implement automated testing by default terraform provides you with terraform validate

321

and terraform format command which will check the syntax

322

and also format the code according to terraform best practice

323

but along with this you can also use other code other tools like teratest, tflint, there is also kitchen terraform and lot more.

324

I have defined all the tools here.

325

So for you to enable or implement automated testing, you can use all these different tools.

326

So why do we use automated testing?

327

We use automated testing to validate if the syntax is correct or if there are any infrastructure changes.

328

To validate if the syntax is correct, to detect issues earlier

329

and also to ensure the desired state matches the actual state

330

this involves creating text fixtures test fixtures defining the scenarios executing terraform operations

331

and all this so different tools

332

that are used for unit testing you can use terraform terra compliance

333

or terra test for integration testing you can use terra test kitchen terraform for linting you can use tflint or checkoff

334

and then other tools as well for static analysis for mocking

335

for everything else here's another great block on medium for testing on Terraform

336

so you can go and check it out

337

if you want to know how to enable automated testing moving

338

on the last question we have is you are tasked with

339

migrating your existing infrastructure from Terraform version 1.7 to version 1.8

340

which is the latest version as of now

341

so what kind of considerations would you take

342

so whenever you are tasked with migration how would you do the migration from a particular version to another version

343

so So whenever upgrading a Terraform version from a particular version to another version, the first step is to always review the upgrade guide.

344

Whenever Terraform releases a new version, there is always going to be a documentation similar to this.

345

So you can see, you can find how you can upgrade a Terraform to a particular version, which is version 1.18, the latest one as of now.

346

So first step is to review upgrade guide to understand what changes are there, what has been deprecated and then new features.

347

Once you do that you will then update your configuration files according to the changes

348

or the new syntax and to handle deprecated features as well.

349

Ensure thorough testing, monitor after you make the change monitor if everything is working fine.

350

Always check on the non-prod environments before you shift to the prod environment obviously

351

and then document any changes and also provide training to your team members.

352

This is how you should be upgrading a Terraform version from one version to another.

353

In this video we have now covered very important Terraform interview questions.

354

I hope this video was informative.

355

If you have any questions, any doubt, do let me know in the comment section.

356

Also comment down if you want me to share this document with you.

357

And also comment down what should we cover next.

358

Should we cover Docker interview questions or Kubernetes interview questions.

359

Let me know in the comment section.

360

Thank you and have a good day.

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Что такое техника Shadowing?