Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Terraform Scenario Based Interview Questions and Answers | DevOps Interview

In this video we look at most asked Terraform interview questions along with answers and also learning resources to help you out.

Alright so I'm here on my computer screen

and I have all this different Terraform interview questions along with answers

and also learning materials to help you understand each topic properly.

Now in this document I have mostly real-time scenario-based Terraform interview questions

but I've also included some advanced Terraform interview questions like CICD with Terraform, automated testing in Terraform, upgrading Terraform version and lot more.

So make sure you watch this video till the end and

if you want me to share this document with you comment down Terraform interview questions

and answers and I will share this document as a pdf on LinkedIn

and also share the link of this document in the video description.

Now with that being said let's get started with this Terraform interview questions and answers video.

Let's go.

So whenever you sit for a Terraform interview the first typical question

that you will get is going to be what is Terraform and how it works.

So we all know Terraform is an infrastructure as code tool

that lets you write the code for the infrastructure that you want to create in the cloud.

When you write the code you then run the Terraform commands and Terraform will create this infrastructure in the cloud.

Terraform does this using the state file.

So a state file in Terraform is a file

that will store the data of all the infrastructure managed through Terraform

and Terraform uses the state file to compare with the actual

infrastructure on the cloud to tell us what is going to be created or deleted

according to the configuration you have in these files

so this is how Terraform works and

if you look at the answer here Terraform is an IAC tool

that lets you write code to define

and manage your infrastructure you describe your desired infrastructure in the configuration files

which are these files here the .tf files

and then Terraform figures out what needs to be done to achieve

that state and then make it happen by interacting with cloud providers

or other infrastructure platform here is the workflow you first write

the code you then plan to check what is going to be created

or deleted and then you apply it to have

that infrastructure on the cloud

so this is how terraform works moving on the next question

is a scenario based question where it says a devops engineer manually created infrastructure on aws

and now there is a requirement to use terraform to manage it.

How would you import these resources in the Terraform code?

Okay, so according to this question, an engineer has created some infrastructure on AWS manually and now they want this infrastructure to be managed through Terraform.

So how can you do that?

So let's consider this is an infrastructure

or an EC2 instance created manually through AWS console and now you want this to be managed through Terraform.

So for an infrastructure to be managed through Terraform, it has to be present inside the state file which is the state file here.

So we will start with creating the configuration first.

We will create the code which is going to be a resource block for this particular instance specifying the instance type, specifying the AMI used and all the other things.

Once you write the code for this to be inside the state file we will run the terraform import command.

So if you look at the answer here we first write the terraform configuration for the resources

that we want to be managed through terraform.

Once you write the code Then we run the Terraform import command and here is the command here.

So Terraform import with the resource type and the unique ID.

So we run Terraform import command for each resource specifying the resource type and its unique identifier.

Once you follow these two steps, then the infrastructure will be managed through Terraform and not manually.

So we have to repeat these steps or repeat this process for each resource that we want to manage through Terraform.

Now if you want to learn more about how Terraform import works, here is a great blog by Terraform itself

where they will tell you how you can use Terraform import command to manage infrastructure through Terraform rather than manually.

Moving on, the next scenario-based question is, you have multiple environments, dev, stage, prod for your application and you want to use the same code for all these environments.

How can you do that?

So according to the question, there are different environments for an application and you want to use the same Terraform code for all these different environments.

How can you do that?

To achieve this, we have actually two different approaches.

The first is using Terraform modules and the second is using Terraform workspaces.

So what is Terraform module?

A Terraform module is a block of code or a code template for infrastructure components.

And you define them once

and then you can use them with different configurations for various environments by passing in different parameters or different variables.

So this is the first approach where you can use the same code for different environments.

The second one is using Terraform workspaces.

using workspaces you will have different state files for different environments using the same code.

So Terraform workspace provides a way to manage separate states for the same set of configuration file.

Each workspace maintains its own state file allowing you to work on different environments concurrently without interfering with each other.

Here is a great block

that will help you understand how you can use the same

code with different multiple environments using the Terraform module approach and also using the Terraform workspace approach.

I recommend you checking this out

if you want to learn more about how you can use the same code with different environments.

Moving on, the next question is, what is Terraform state file and why it is important?

So we already know state file is something

that is going to have information about the resources managed through Terraform and this is usually a JSON file.

So if you look here, Terraform state file is a JSON or a binary file

that stores the current state of the managed infrastructure state file is like a blueprint

that stores information about the infrastructure you manage and it is crucial

because it helps terraform understand what's already set up what changes

need to be made by comparing the desired state with the

current one in the state file terraform can make accurate updates to your infrastructure

so this means terraform state file is very important for terraform to work

because using state file terraform actually compares the configuration with what you have on the cloud

and then it will actually create or to delete stuff.

So Terraform state file is a JSON file which is very important for Terraform to work.

So next question is a scenario based question.

A junior devops engineer accidentally deleted a state file.

What steps should we take to resolve this?

So we already know state file is very very important.

And in this question a junior devops engineer has accidentally deleted a state file.

What steps should we take to recreate it or resolve this?

So as we know state file is important.

It is always recommended to take backups.

So the first step is going to recover backup.

If there is a backup available try to restore the state file from the backup.

If there is no backup then you need to manually create state file

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which is very time consuming and you can do this by using terraform import command.

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So you will check what resources are there on the cloud

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and using terraform import command you will import every single resource

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and put them into the state file to recreate the state file.

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Here is another great blog where the author accidentally deleted the state file

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and then using terraform import command they recreated the state file.

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So here is the terraform import command and how they use terraform import to recreate state file.

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So make sure you always take backups.

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If there are no backups you will have to recreate it manually using terraform import command.

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checking each resource on the cloud.

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Once you do that make sure to review and monitor if everything is working fine.

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If you get this question in the interview the follow-up question

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would be what are some best practices to manage Terraform state file?

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So as we know Terraform state file is important

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and I have been continuously saying this here are some best practices to make sure that you properly manage your state file.

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The first best practice is to use remote storage

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so rather than storing your state file locally in your local

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machine like this you can store your state file on remote backends like S3, Azure Blob storage console and lot more

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so you should always store the state file remotely for safety collaboration

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and version control second is state locking

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when you store your state files on remote backends you will obviously have collaboration

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which means multiple people will constantly update the state file by running different terraform commands

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so you need to enable state locking to make sure there are no conflicts

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when it was multiple people are changing the state file so state locking will prevent conflicts in concurrent operations.

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Next is to access control.

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Make sure only authorized people or services have access to the state file to avoid deletion or corruption of the state file.

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Next is automated backups.

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Make sure to set up automated backups to prevent data loss for the state file.

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And lastly, environment separation.

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Maintain separate state files for each environments or utilize Terraform workspace to manage multiple state files.

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So here are some different best practices to manage Terraform state file.

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Let's move on.

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The next question is your team is adopting a multi-cloud strategy

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and you need to manage resources on both AWS and Azure using Terraform.

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So how do you structure a Terraform code to handle this?

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So according to the question, your team is adopting multi-cloud strategy where you want to create code on AWS as well as on Azure.

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So how can you do that?

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So we already know Terraform is a cloud agnostic

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which means Terraform can work on different clouds at once

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so you can also create resources on AWS also on Azure also on GCP

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so you will do that by first defining the providers

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if you want to create resources in AWS you will have

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to define AWS as a provider in this case we are creating resources in AWS

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and Azure so we will define provider for AWS

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and Azure as well once you define the provider you will

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then start with writing the code for the resources you want to create an AWS

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and Azure so here are two steps

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first you define the provider then you write the code for

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different resources you want to create moving on the next scenario based question is there are some bash scripts

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that you want to run after creating your resources with terraform how how would you achieve this

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so you have some bash scripts

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that you want to run after the resources are created you can do this using provisioners in terraform

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so there are three different types of provisioners in terraform there is file provisioner local exec provision and remote exec provisioner

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For us to run bash scripts we can use local exec provisioner and remote exec provisioner.

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The difference between these two are local exec provisioners are used to run commands in your local machine.

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Remote exec provisioners are used to run commands or run scripts inside your remote machines.

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So here is a simple example.

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We are using a provisioner which is a remote exec provisioner and we are running some commands here.

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The first command is to give permissions for the script

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that you want to run and the second command is to actually run the script.

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When you use remote or file provisioner, you also need to define the connection block, which is how you will connect to the remote machine where you want to run your scripts.

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So you can see the explanation here.

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In this configuration, we are using a remote exec provisioner, which executes a bash command on a remote machine via SSH.

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You need to provide the necessary connection details such as SSH user, private key, and the host.

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So this is how you can run bash scripts using remote exec provisioner

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if you want to run it on remote machine

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if you want to run it locally you can use local

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exec provision as well moving on the next question is your

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company is looking ways to enable high availability how can you

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perform blue green deployments using terraform this is a very nice question

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and i have brought this question a lot of times even sitting for interviews

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so what is blue green deployment a blue green deployment is

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a strategy where you have two identical environments a blue one

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and a green one like this according to the question the

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question is asking how can you use terraform to set up a blue green environment

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so you can use terraform you can actually you can obviously use terraform to do this

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so terraform facilitates this by defining two sets of infrastructure resources with slight variation

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so maybe you can have two different auto scaling groups

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or two different azure virtual machine scale sets what you can

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do is you can create a new environment alongside with the existing one

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which is going to be the green one and you will test if everything is working in the new environment

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If everything works properly, you can then switch to traffic either using load balancers or using DNS records.

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So you can see you first create a new environment alongside with the existing one.

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You validate if everything is working fine in the green environment.

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And if it is working fine, you can then use application load balancer or DNS records to switch traffic between these two.

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Again, to understand this more clearly, I also have another blog or documentation by Terraform itself

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and they have defined how you can use Terraform for blue-green deployment or for canary and rolling deployment as well.

187

So go through this to understand more on how you can use Terraform to set this up.

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Moving on, the next question is, your company wants to automate Terraform through CI-CD pipelines.

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How can you integrate Terraform with CI-CD pipelines?

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This is again very very important

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because every company is using CI CD pipelines to automate the Terraform infrastructure provisioning

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so make sure you go through this answer very properly I

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have also explained this very thoroughly in this particular video where

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we have used GitLab CI CD to automate Terraform resource creation and deletion

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so inside this video we have created a CI CD pipeline

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using GitLab in this CI CD pipeline we have different stages for init, for plan, apply and destroy.

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So similarly, for you to set up or automate your Terraform through CICD pipeline, you need to first push the Terraform code,

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this code, onto a remote repository like GitHub or GitLab, wherever you want to set up a CICD pipeline.

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Once you have your code there, you can then start with writing the CICD script, which will have different stages for init, for validate, for plan, for apply.

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For apply you can either do it manually where you will

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create merge request every time there is a change in the Terraform code

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and once it is approved only then resource should be created.

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Also you can set up approval for deletion as well.

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So here are the different steps.

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You first commit the code to version control system, set up a CI CD pipeline

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that will check every time you make a change inside the Terraform code and you push it to this repository, the CI CD pipeline will run will run.

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In the pipeline you can execute Terraform commands such as init, validate and plan to ensure the configurations are valid and generate an execution plan.

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You can do this by defining different stages in the pipeline.

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Use Terraform apply command to create or modify infrastructure based on approved changes.

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So whenever you make a change you can then create a merge request.

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When this merge request is accepted only then the apply stage should be done.

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Optionally you can also use testing and verification tool to validate and deploy infrastructure.

213

So you can include different frameworks or different tools to include testing or to make sure your Terraform syntax is correct.

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Finally, trigger additional pipeline stages for application deployment and testing and release.

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Optionally, you can also have other CICD pipelines where you can use, you can also add other CICD pipelines for application deployment, testing and release.

216

So this is how you can integrate CICD pipelines with Terraform.

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I highly recommend you checking out this video where i've explained

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step by step on how you can use ci cd with

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terraform to automate deployment on the cloud moving on the next

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question is describe how you can use terraform with infrastructure deployment tools like ansible or chef

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so in this question it is asking how you can use terraform with configuration management tools like terra like ansible

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or chef so we all know terraform is an infrastructure provisioning tool which is used to create infrastructure

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Whereas Ansible or Chef are configuration management tools which are used to configure stuff.

224

So using Terraform you can create EC2 instances but using Ansible you can install something on it.

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So Terraform can be used in conjunction with infrastructure deployment tools like Ansible or Chef to manage infrastructure provisioning and configuration.

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Ansible and Chef can handle tasks such as installing a software, configuring servers, managing services while Terraform focuses on infrastructure provisioning and orchestration.

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So it is a very good practice to use these two tools together to create or achieve a comprehensive infrastructure automation solution.

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Now if you have confusion between what is Terraform and what is Ansible and how they are different, you can check out this video where I have explained how Terraform

229

and Ansible are different from each other and what do they actually do.

230

So you can use Terraform with Ansible and that we have answered here.

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Moving on the next question is your infrastructure contains database passwords and other sensitive information.

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How can you manage secrets and sensitive data in Terraform?

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This is a very very important question.

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Companies are very concerned about how you manage secrets when working with Terraform.

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So you need to know how to manage secrets like database passwords credentials when working with Terraform.

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Here are some best practices that you can follow to manage secrets when working in Terraform.

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The first best practice is never hard code secrets in your Terraform code.

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Never put your database passwords, never put your credentials inside Terraform code because anyone will be able to see it even if you push it on repositories,

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everyone will be able to see it.

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So never hard code it in your code.

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You can store secrets outside version control files, never push them on GitHub as well

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and rather than storing it inside the code you can use tools like HashiCock Vault

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or also cloud specific secret management services like Secrets Manager in AWS.

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You can also use Terraform input variables

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or environment variables where you can pass this information while you run the commands rather than storing them in the code.

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So here are a few different best practices

247

that you can use to make sure that you can protect sensitive information and minimize the risk of exposing secrets

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intentionally or unintentionally so moving on the next question is you have rds database

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and ec2 instance created using terraform ec2 instance should be created

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before rds how can you specify dependencies between two resources

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so you have rds database

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and you also have ec2 instances you want this ec2 instance to be created before the rds is created

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so to do that you can use a meta argument

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which is a depends on meta arguments using this depends on meta argument you can define

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that the the EC2 should be created first and then the RDA should be created.

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So in Terraform you can specify dependencies between resources using depends on attribute within the resource block

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and I have explained this again in this video where I've

258

shown how you can use depends on argument to create resources first.

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So make sure to watch this video

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if you want to learn how you can use depends on meta argument to create resources before any other resource.

261

Moving on the next question is you have 20 servers you have 20 servers created through terraform

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but you want to delete one of them is it possible

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to destroy a single resource out of multiple resources using terraform

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so this is again a very tricky question whenever you want

265

to delete stuff through terraform you will run the terraform destroy command

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but when you run terraform destroy command everything

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that is defined inside your configuration will be deleted

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so let's say you have 20 servers how can you delete one of them

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so if you want to delete just one of the resources defined among the 20 resources in the Terraform.

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You can use Terraform destroy command with a target attribute here.

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So it is possible we can use Terraform destroy target command followed by the resource type

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and the name to destroy a specific resource.

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So you can use target with the instance that you want to create

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that you want to delete and it will only delete the particular instance rather than deleting all the 20 servers.

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And again there is a documentation by Ashikopak

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which will tell you how you can use terraform destroy with the target attribute here here

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so make sure you go through this

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if you want to understand more on how you can destroy

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a particular resource rather than destroying everything now moving on the

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next question is what are advantages of using Terraform's count feature over resource duplication

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so in this question they're asking you what is the advantage of using count instead of resource duplication

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so a count feature or a count meta argument is used to define how many resources you want to create.

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For example, you can check here.

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Here is the code to create AWS instance.

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In this block of code, we are defining count as four, which means it will create four instances of these configuration.

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Other way to do this is to rewrite the code four times.

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With this, I'm not writing this code four times.

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So this is the benefit.

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Using count, you can create as many resources as you want without actually writing the code.

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So using Terraform's count feature provides advantage over resource duplication by

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allowing you to dynamically create multiple instances of a resource based on given condition

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or a variable with count you can define a resource block with the count value

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that evaluates an expression such as variable or conditional statement this reduces code duplication

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and enable more efficient resource management and scalability

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so it is always always advised to use count rather than

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defining your code blocks multiple times you can also add some advanced expressions to enhance your Terraform code.

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Here is the official documentation by Terraform on count meta argument.

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I also have a short video on how you can use count

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and count.index so if you want you can check it out.

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Moving on the next question is what is Terraform's module registry and how can you leverage it?

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This is again something that you need to know if you are working on Terraform.

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A module registry is a place where you can find different modules that you can use rather than writing the code yourself.

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So here is the module registry where you have different modules.

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There is a module for IAM, there is a module for VPC, for S3 bucket, for EKS, everything.

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So let's say you want to create EKS cluster.

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Rather than writing the code yourself, you can just go ahead and use this module.

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If you want to check the code for the module, you can also check the code here.

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This module is created by Anton and then the code is present here on the GitHub.

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So module registry is like a place where you can find all the different modules

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that you can reuse rather than writing the code yourself.

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So Terraform's module registry is a central repository for sharing and discovering Terraform modules.

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The module registry allow users to publish their modules which are reusable and shareable components of Terraform configuration.

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By leveraging the module registry you can easily discover existing modules that address your infrastructure need,

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reducing the duplication of effort and you can reference modules in your Terraform code using their registry URL and provision.

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For you to use any particular module, you can see a block here.

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Inside the module block you can define a source as the module

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that you want to use now moving on the next question

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is how can you implement automated testing for terraform code this is again very important security is something

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that you need to put everywhere even in your terraform code

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so how can you implement automated testing by default terraform provides you with terraform validate

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and terraform format command which will check the syntax

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and also format the code according to terraform best practice

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but along with this you can also use other code other tools like teratest, tflint, there is also kitchen terraform and lot more.

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I have defined all the tools here.

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So for you to enable or implement automated testing, you can use all these different tools.

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So why do we use automated testing?

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We use automated testing to validate if the syntax is correct or if there are any infrastructure changes.

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To validate if the syntax is correct, to detect issues earlier

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and also to ensure the desired state matches the actual state

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this involves creating text fixtures test fixtures defining the scenarios executing terraform operations

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and all this so different tools

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that are used for unit testing you can use terraform terra compliance

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or terra test for integration testing you can use terra test kitchen terraform for linting you can use tflint or checkoff

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and then other tools as well for static analysis for mocking

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for everything else here's another great block on medium for testing on Terraform

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so you can go and check it out

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if you want to know how to enable automated testing moving

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on the last question we have is you are tasked with

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migrating your existing infrastructure from Terraform version 1.7 to version 1.8

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which is the latest version as of now

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so what kind of considerations would you take

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so whenever you are tasked with migration how would you do the migration from a particular version to another version

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so So whenever upgrading a Terraform version from a particular version to another version, the first step is to always review the upgrade guide.

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Whenever Terraform releases a new version, there is always going to be a documentation similar to this.

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So you can see, you can find how you can upgrade a Terraform to a particular version, which is version 1.18, the latest one as of now.

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So first step is to review upgrade guide to understand what changes are there, what has been deprecated and then new features.

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Once you do that you will then update your configuration files according to the changes

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or the new syntax and to handle deprecated features as well.

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Ensure thorough testing, monitor after you make the change monitor if everything is working fine.

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Always check on the non-prod environments before you shift to the prod environment obviously

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and then document any changes and also provide training to your team members.

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This is how you should be upgrading a Terraform version from one version to another.

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In this video we have now covered very important Terraform interview questions.

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I hope this video was informative.

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If you have any questions, any doubt, do let me know in the comment section.

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Also comment down if you want me to share this document with you.

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And also comment down what should we cover next.

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Should we cover Docker interview questions or Kubernetes interview questions.

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Let me know in the comment section.

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Thank you and have a good day.

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Ấn Tượng Đầu Tiên

Khi xem video này, bạn sẽ ngay lập tức nhận ra rằng đây là một tài liệu tuyệt vời để luyện nói tiếng Anh, đặc biệt là cho những ai đang chuẩn bị cho phỏng vấn DevOps. Nội dung phong phú với những câu hỏi phỏng vấn thực tế liên quan đến Terraform sẽ giúp bạn nắm bắt được kiến thức cần thiết và cải thiện khả năng giao tiếp của mình. Bạn không chỉ học được từ vựng chuyên ngành mà còn hiểu rõ cách diễn đạt tự nhiên trong ngữ cảnh thực tế.

Phân Tích Câu Chuyện

Trong video, có nhiều câu nói ngắn gọn nhưng đầy ý nghĩa. Ví dụ, câu "Terraform là một công cụ Infrastructure as Code" rất đơn giản nhưng chứa đựng nhiều thông tin. Nó không chỉ định nghĩa Terraform mà còn chỉ ra rằng bạn có thể viết mã cho hạ tầng mà mình muốn tạo ra. Điều này rất tự nhiên và dễ hiểu cho người học, giúp họ cảm thấy gần gũi với khái niệm mới.

Câu hỏi tiếp theo được đưa ra là: "Làm thế nào để nhập các tài nguyên đã được tạo ra vào mã Terraform?" Câu hỏi này không chỉ kích thích tư duy mà còn phản ánh thực tế công việc mà nhiều kỹ sư DevOps phải đối mặt. Bằng cách học cách xử lý những tình huống như vậy, bạn sẽ cải thiện kỹ năng giải quyết vấn đề của mình một cách hiệu quả. Những câu dạng này sẽ giúp bạn luyện phát âm và ngữ điệu một cách tự nhiên.

Thói Quen Luyện Tập

Để tối đa hóa hiệu quả luyện nói tiếng Anh, bạn có thể áp dụng phương pháp shadowspeak. Hãy chọn một đoạn ngắn trong video và thực hiện theo các bước sau:

Nghe và Lặp Lại: Nghe một câu trong video và cố gắng lặp lại ngay lập tức. Điều này giúp cải thiện phát âm và ngữ điệu.
Ghi Âm: Ghi âm lại giọng nói của bạn khi lặp lại. So sánh với video để nhận ra sự khác biệt và chỉnh sửa.
Thực Hành Liên Tục: Thực hành mỗi ngày với những câu hỏi và câu trả lời trong video. Điều này sẽ giúp bạn tự tin hơn khi giao tiếp.

Bằng cách tích cực áp dụng những phương pháp này, bạn sẽ thấy khả năng nói tiếng Anh của mình cải thiện đáng kể. Hãy thử nghiệm và xem phần mềm shadowing như một công cụ hỗ trợ hữu ích trong hành trình học tập của bạn nhé!

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúc	Trong video
Câu điều kiện if + mệnh đề, will/would + động từ — điều kiện và kết quả	If there are no backups you will have
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại	I've also included · has created · have been
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm	being said · be created · be done
Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật	file which is · code which is · provisioner which is

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →

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Ấn Tượng Đầu Tiên

Phân Tích Câu Chuyện

Thói Quen Luyện Tập

Ngữ pháp trong video

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?