ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Biotech Story Time With Tal Zaks, M.D. (Part 1)

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you know arrows i was uh i was thinking before i came into the studio today

that i should have i was thinking i should have made

a large bag of popcorn for today's episode do you know

why why do you remember the last time we talked with tall tall zacks uh it's been a while

but i remember being wrapped wrapped entertained uh the stories were

uh just titillating right like i was on the edge of my seat uh sometimes in disbelief

and i thought this is a popcorn worthy episode alas i

did not bring any popcorn to my chagrin i'm sorry next

time bad planning a lot of people know him as the

guy who was chief medical officer at moderna before during

and after the company became a household name thanks to its mRNA -based answer to COVID.

But even without that gold star next to his name, Dr. Tal Zaks has built a fascinating career as a physician scientist,

an investor, a board member, and a biotech builder.

Today, he's CEO and chair of the board of directors at Exilio Therapeutics, a non -executive director at five companies, I think, including Teva Pharmaceuticals,

a private equity partner at Orbimed, and probably holds a few more titles

that i'm missing storyteller he's a he's a not

that we're setting the bar too high for right now

but he is a prolific storyteller dr seuss over here i'm matt pillar

and i'm anna rose welch

and on today's episode of the business of biotech it's story time with fall

so stay tuned

because the stories tall tells are not tall tells although i

guess they would be tall tells just not in the way

you think i meant it that's a new level you didn't see

that coming and

that really hit me over the head like a shovel his

stories are packed with biotech business building insights gained over a

career spent uh spanning leadership roles at gsk sanofi teva moderna orbamed

and now exilio therapeutics

and probably like i said a whole lot more tall welcome

to the show it's a real pleasure to be here we are absolutely thrilled to have you

and as i said i i'm I'm sorry if we set the bar too high, but the last time we chatted, Hannah Rose and I came away thinking like this guy has got

so many great anecdotes that not only like not only great stories, but like a lot of meat in them.

Right.

A lot of meat for biotech builders.

So we're really looking forward to the conversation today.

We have a ton to get through.

I don't know if we'll do it all in one one episode.

We might have to revisit with a part two.

But before we get into the Exilio story, I want to get to know you a little bit and intro you to the audience.

And so and I'm going to go way back.

We're going to rewind the clock quite a ways.

You immigrated to the U .S from Israel to do your postdoc at the National Cancer Institute

and presumably at the time practice medicine.

I mean, you're you know, you you practice medicine back then.

Well, when you when you made that move, was it was that your sole intention career wise to come over here and practice?

uh to be fair back in the day i just had

an opportunity to come to the mecca of scientific research now

i trained in the early days as a physician scientist an

md phd it wasn't really a track i sort of built it

because i got interested in an area of medicine uh that's called tumor immunology back then it wasn't the thing

that it has become since but i was super curious

and i had a wonderful opportunity to come to the lab of dr steve rosenberg at the national cancer institute

and you know as an immigrant coming from across to the mecca of the nih

you don't really think what's going to happen next you just say boy i'm at a place

that has really redefined our understanding of immuno -oncology benefits for patients with cancer

and the sky's the limit

and i have to tell you i am to this day a very proud immigrant to this country and really

if anything have been fortunate to take advantage of an ecosystem

where truly the sky's the limit in terms of what we can achieve for uh for patients for ourselves for mankind

so i in all honestly i knew i was a physician i had some interest in science

and i just wanted to explore it yeah you just went and

that ecosystem has opened up a lot of doors you know

on in the periphery in front of you maybe in some cases behind you

and you've taken you've seemingly taken advantage of every door that's

presented itself well to be fair uh i have to say

the first three years were actually marked by a lot of failure uh

and in fact after three years there i you know, try to get a cancer vaccine to work.

I actually proved why it didn't work.

I tried to understand immuno -oncology.

We had a theory as to what could be what what are today called checkpoints.

We actually debunked it and it wasn't that.

And after kind of three years, I said, oh, you know.

I better go back and finish my clinical training.

Yeah.

And and it taught me the value of scientific depth.

But I can tell you years later, when I came upon a saying by the late Nelson Mandela, it's become my favorite quote of all time.

And he said, in life, I've either succeeded or I've learned.

To be fair, in those early days, I had a lot of learnings.

Still do to this day.

Yeah, it's a it's I mean, it's a common refrain, but it's it's it's like there's a dichotomy.

It's like there's a it's a common refrain, but it's all too often forgotten in this in this industry.

Right well and i think you know we tend to just package it as well

that was a failure instead of a learning right it's really just a terminology change

but you know reframing that reframing it after you i do think i do think

that when things don't go as expected that's actually when you grow

and when you learn the most in fact in a roundabout way um

and we'll come back to this later one of the fascinating

things for me to reflect on covid was here's something

that succeeded beyond my wildest expectations so you know what did i learn from

that because there are learnings from that success

but it's actually uh you know maybe counterintuitively it's easier to

learn from failures than it is it is from successes yeah uh sticking back in

that in that time frame after you completed your residency at temple

and your fellowship at penn you joined gsk to work in clinical development translational medicine

so tell us tell us why you made that transition to industry

i have to say

that was a completely non -obvious move to me at the

time um i had spent many years in training in academia

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you know an internship another internship a residency a postdoc a fellowship

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and uh uh in in as i was finishing my fellowship

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i i actually uh won an asco young investigator award this

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thing handed out to fellows you've got a little bit of research budget

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and and and i came home really proud my son who was 12 looks up at me

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and says dad what's what's all the commotion about i was clearly excited

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and i look at him

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and said well you know i just i just won this young uh investigator award

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and the kid looks up at me

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and says dad what do you mean young investigator award like how old are you

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and i look at the kid

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and he had a point uh you know i was in my 38 39

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and and he's 12 and heading up to college in a few years

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and and here i am having fun training learning seeing patients

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but it really kind of brought it home

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that okay maybe it's time to actually go do something in the world and

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while I trained myself thinking I was going to be an

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academic physician I started my life actually as a pediatric intensive care unit nurse

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and I worked as a nurse on that side of the patient's bed

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if you will as I was training to be physician

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and i always appreciated teamwork

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and you know the academic uh world is driven by the axiom

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that there can only be one first author a few years before

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that i interviewed at a very prestigious institution and for fellowship

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and they said great yeah we'll have you as a fellow

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and with a little bit of chutzpah i asked them well you know

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if i come here as a fellow how quickly can i be faculty

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and they said oh okay let's let's think about

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that they took it up the flagpole

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and down came the answer it said look we we looked

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at your uh resume yeah you did a postdoc at the nih you had some papers great

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but you actually had more second authorships than first authorship

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so we're not really sure about you

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and i have to tell you i like i really took

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that to heart because i was actually more proud of the second authorships because

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when you're a second authorship it means you got to be

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part of something somebody else did the work you got to play a role in enjoying it leading

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and thinking through it uh while you were doing other stuff as well uh

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and so when the time came to sort of make the career move the the notion

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that uh i could actually go do it in a more team -based environment where really the purpose was getting better drugs.

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I just found that appealing.

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And, you know, if you take a medicine and you open it up, you know, whether it's tabs or a vial,

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you'll see there's a piece of paper rolled up in that that most people throw away.

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Well, if you open up that paper, it's actually the label.

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It's what the FDA says you should use it.

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And if you look at where, you know, who signed off on that label, where do these drugs come from?

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Well, they don't come from the university and they don't come from the National Institutes of Health.

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They actually come from drug companies.

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And so if you, as your mission in life, want to actually do better, especially in oncology with the state of affair of drugs,

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while we have very good drugs, we should and could do better and you want to be part of that doing better, then you go to where the action is.

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You go to where these medicines are made to have an impact.

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And that's sort of what propelled me to, despite having trained for so long, to be an academic physician, to actually shift gears and try it out in industry.

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Speaking of being in the place that makes the medicines, you continue to play your hand at a place that makes a lot of medicines in Teva.

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You've been there since 2021 as a board member.

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It's one of the world's largest generics companies.

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Tell us about that experience and how it's informed your take on the market.

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I have to tell you, I'm super proud of that.

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And I'm proud at a very deep level,

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because what Teva does is a reflection of the breadth of contribution to our industry that's often lost

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when we think of purely innovative companies.

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The innovation at the heart of the ecosystem is protected by intellectual property.

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And that is the engine that's allowed us to be

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so productive in the U .S in the last 50 years as the leaders of the world of therapeutic benefit.

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But the beauty is that that

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that contract with society actually plays out in the long run once the intellectual property expires and you now have generic medicines.

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And, you know, the stem pill I take every morning

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and the fact that my late father managed to live for 40 years with chronic heart disease and, you know, taking five, six, seven different meds.

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Those were all generics or most of them were.

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And by now, all of them are.

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Right.

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Right.

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And so the benefit of the previous era is now available to society at a fraction of the cost.

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Thanks to that.

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And in the discussion that we have about, you know, cost of drugs and intellectual property and all the other stuff,

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we often forget that there's a very long tail of benefit

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that we just keep raising the bar

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and then the price goes down years later for everybody to enjoy

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and that's worldwide and

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so i take tremendous pride in teva's contribution both on the

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innovative side we are an innovative company we we do develop innovative medicines

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but also on the generic underpinning of that

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that provides drugs for hundreds of millions of people every day freeze up right it frees up cost right

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and money to be able to cover the innovative stuff right the the breaking, the breaking new drugs on the market that, that aren't as cheap as generics, right.

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Or as, as biosimilars.

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So it's really, it pays into that innovation in its own way.

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Yeah.

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It's good illustration of, uh, Dr. Zacks is, uh, I guess, um, the breadth of his portfolio, right?

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Like the things, I mean, we're going to talk about Axelio here pretty, pretty soon, uh, doing some pretty novel and exciting things.

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And he did obviously some pretty novel and exciting things uh beginning in 2015

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when he took on the stint as cmo at moderna

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so we could spend like i don't want to do this

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i don't want to do this i want to get i want to give this its fair share

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but we could spend a couple episodes talking about stories from

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yes those moderna days of moderna age you know like not

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to not to put too fine a point on it but you joined moderna in 2015

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like just let that sink in for a minute what tell us about that like you you start like was this

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was this a right place right time kind of situation was

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it like you you saw something coming like what's what's the

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story there how are you reading the tea leaves what's going on oh i wish i could be

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that smart uh you know uh i i was listening to

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a podcast a few uh weeks ago general petreus uh made

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a comment he referenced uh the late uh long late roman philosopher Seneca who said that luck is when preparation meets opportunity.

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So in a way, I was prepared.

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I had spent a significant chunk of my life by then in oncology drug development.

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As you mentioned, I started GSK, ended up running Santa Fe's global oncology team.

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And at that point, I had sort of the opportunity to kind of look around at the biotech system and figure out,

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well, what's new that's coming and what are some interesting ways to fill our pipeline

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and up until that point i was a medical oncologist through

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and through i cared about better medicines for cancer patients i

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didn't care about where they were coming from the proof point

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i actually spent a couple years at cephalon cephalon had developed

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two of the oldest poisons known to man as a very effective cancer chemotherapies.

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One is arsenic trioxide, which cures a subset of leukemia.

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So Fine by me, right?

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The clinical benefit is what speaks to me.

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But as you're a scientist and you get sort of curious about where's innovation coming from,

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I had the opportunity to look within the Boston ecosystem at a whole bunch of stuff.

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And I came upon Moderna and the idea of mRNA.

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And it made me stop and sort of think differently about translating science into medicine

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so by then i sort of realized that i was my happy place

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if you will is is between the science

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and the medicine not pure science for the sake of science not just pure medical practice even though i did

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that a number of years as a volunteer at the philadelphia va

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but it's actually that in between and moderna was had an emerging interesting idea

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and platform that was very orthogonal to my thinking.

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It was not, hey, we have a cancer patient and cancer here as a need.

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Can you make a medicine?

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It was we have this innovative idea of a new platform.

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And if we can translate it into medicine, what would those medicines be?

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And that's a very different way of asking the question.

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Now, in full transparency in 2015, all the data we had were just an animal model in mice uh

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and most people thought this thing was never going to work uh i have been fortunate in life that in

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that uh my wife who's the smart one in the equation

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actually has a phd in biochemistry you know she looks at me

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and says well you know it's all mrna it's high risk

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but hey if this speaks to you go for it

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and i was in a place in life where uh it was time to take risk

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you know and the way to think about it um i had a big birthday

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that year and one of the things that happens

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when you reach a certain age is

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that you stop looking at the next career thing you're going

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to do you start looking at time in reverse you said okay

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and the time

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that left to me in this world what do i want to get done what do i want to accomplish

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and and then you realize you'd rather

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fail or learn trying to address a big question than just do something small and incremental

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uh this was a big question this was a question

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that most people thought was not going to work uh i

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mean i can show you nature papers back in the day uh referencing moderna

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and theranos in the same sentence for crying out loud um

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and and it was a very different way to kind of challenge yourself to go make medicine

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so i i signed on because i thought that if this would work

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we should be able to go from an idea on a

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whiteboard to a medicine being studied in man at a fraction of the time

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and the cost of what traditional drug development takes.

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And it had such potential in terms of a platform that could lend itself to once you do the first one,

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the other ones should actually work that repeatability that is unheard of in traditional pharma.

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And in fact, we'd actually proven it.

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One of the things the public is not aware of is that, you know, the COVID vaccine was not Moderna's first vaccine.

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It was actually the ninth virus against which we tried to raise neutralizing antibodies in humans.

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And our success rate for the prior eight had been eight out of eight.

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So COVID for us inside was was not a surprise, actually, that it worked.

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There were a lot of other things surprising about it.

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But we knew this platform could actually get there.

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In fact, for years, we have been working with an urgency to get there in time.

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So I really like this point.

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You know, when you joined Moderna, I think the instinct there was to really be part of a foundation, right?

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You wanted to build the foundation for mRNA medicines.

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And instead of making sort of incremental advancements, really tried to develop this proof point for mRNA as an actual therapeutic, as a vaccine candidate it

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but i'm really i'm curious to to learn more about you

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know your priorities as a cmo stepping into a company at this time

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when mrna was again as you said compared to theranos right

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like it wasn't a household name a lot of people were hesitant to believe

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that it would work it was high risk you know what were your priorities as a cmo

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when you stepped into this into this company and

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and in these early days what did that what did

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that look like

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and entail i think uh a lot of moderna's success stems from two factors the first is the courage that those

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that came there before me um stefan boncel steven hoog uh to ask the question don't you know suspend disbelief

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if it works what can you do of it?

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And then the very thoughtful risk mitigation approach to try

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and take several shots on goal in different dimensions to try to work yourself across different things that could work, but you don't know that they could.

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In those days, they spanned infectious disease these vaccines, they spanned.

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uh oncology efforts they spanned rare disease uh one of the things

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that i personally started uh shortly after joining was the personalized cancer vaccine uh

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and you know we can come back to that uh you know

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if you want a cliffhanger into this episode we can talk about cancer vaccines

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because it's a fascinating story in fact it's much more fascinating to me scientifically than than even covid

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but when i joined uh and and this is where your popcorn will will find a place

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when i joined in march of 2015 uh stefan von selva

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ceo asked me to give uh an all -employee town hall uh three months into my tenure

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so in june of 2015

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and he wanted me to explain to the employees there were

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about 300 people at modern at the time why was it

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that a unicorn on paper company in boston uh

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so secretive is actually the first clinical trial is going to

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be a vaccine against the pandemic flu threat out of china

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that was our first phase one we started at the end of 2015. and

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so what we did back in those days is we used

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to rent the the auditorium next door uh it was actually

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a movie theater the kenthal square theater um we used to

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rent it out for random thursday afternoon we'd give all the employees free popcorn they'd sit

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when the executives would get on stage and

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and you know tell the story of what the company was up to in the last couple months

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and so it's my turn june of 2015

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and i told us to fund great we're in a movie

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theater i'm going to take some license with my presentation i'm

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not going to use your usual slide template i'm going to make believe we're in a movie and

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so i get up everybody's with popcorn i'm the new cmo

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said guys pretend this is a movie the the theater goes dark

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and on the screen comes a slide

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and the title of the movie is how moderna will save

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the world june of 2015 the next slide is a pg -13 green rated thing right to get everybody

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and then the rest of the presentation

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started with the spanish flu in 1918 goes through the fact

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that still back then in 2015 we don't have a good

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vaccine response we don't have good antivirals all we have is

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these masks these picture of people walking around in masks

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and i flashed those pictures up in june of 2015

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and basically the gist of the talk was our platform it's

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clear the low -hanging fruit is going to be vaccines for a whole host of technical reasons

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and we owe it to ourselves to the company to society to make sure

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that we're advancing these vaccines both those that are of perceived commercial value

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and those that could be of public benefit

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and in fact that's what we proceeded to do we had advanced a few candidates

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that have commercial background i mean cmv right now uh is already in in phase three there uh

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but in parallel we worked on flu we worked on zika in 2017 that's

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when part of the u .s government got to go and

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and we built this track record of the ability of this platform to actually execute towards a pandemic need uh

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and i'll tell you it came full circle In September of 2019,

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Stefan and I went down for our sort of annual meeting with the NH folks, who was there at the time,

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and they came to know us through the Zika pandemic in 2017, and we started to collaborate.

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And by then, we had shown

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that the mRNA vaccine could actually work to protect an animal model of a cousin of COVID called MERS.

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uh and i we were telling uh the team there about the most recent data we had

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and i remember at some point dr fauci kind of stops me

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and says so are you telling me this is the best vaccine platform i've ever seen uh -huh

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and you know me being me i basically looked at the same dr fauci yes

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and let me explain why and and and so the upshot of

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that meeting was actually that Moderna and the NIH were going to form a collaboration to pick a virus,

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something nobody ever heard of.

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We'll just send you the sequence.

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You guys can start the clock, see how fast you can make a first batch, and we'll run the phase one clinical trial.

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And in November, the NIH, November of 2019,

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Dr. Fauci actually published a paper talking about pandemic preparedness of various platforms

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and mentions mrna there as the leading platform ready to serve in a pandemic whether it's influenza

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or a related respiratory virus

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and as we were talking to the nh trying to figure out what would be

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that test case somebody started coughing into wuhan

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and the rest is oh my gosh uh you realize how

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much fodder you're you're providing for conspiracy theorists right now dr

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zacks i mean really takes time to a whole new level where's my popcorn i know

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but i'm curious so i i i can tell you just to finish the note

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because i i have to say uh you know I got to know all sorts of conspiracy theorists back in 2020.

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One of my, I think, learnings from the whole era was how critical it is

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that we build public trust and understanding and what it is we do.

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If if if we do everything we do in translating science into medicine, but the public doesn't trust it, then it will have been for not.

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And I spent a lot of energy as the chief medical officer back in those days.

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And I still believe it's part of each and every one of our ethical obligation to be out there,

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to tell the story, to explain to people where does this stuff come from?

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This is not black voodoo.

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This is not some magic mystery.

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This is people hard at work trying to understand the science and trying to translate that science.

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And we did we did a couple of things that were I'm really proud of back in that era.

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The first was in as the phase three trial was going on.

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I remember being on a on a on a webinar with the National Academy of Sciences of New York State, and they asked me, OK, at the end of it, there was a Q &A.

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And they said, Dr. Zax, what are you worried about?

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And and they expected me to say, oh, I don't know if it's going to work this.

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Then the other said, look, I'm not worried about safety.

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I'm not worried about efficacy.

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The one thing that keeps me up at night is that our trial enrolls people of diverse enough

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representation of the great country of ours so that when the data comes out, people can relate to the veracity of those data and can see themselves in the trial.

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And I think Moderna went on to really pioneer enrollment of diverse populations in phase three and in all subsequent trials,

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partnering with both national and regional sort of experts

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and leaders of the community to make sure that clinical research is both accessible to everybody and representative of everybody.

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And the other interesting thing was, again, as I was thinking, how do we relay this message to the public?

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I actually convened a small ethics panel for the executive team at Moderna.

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You're not going to find this on any website.

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This was not done for external consumption.

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This was really to get external advice of people like Art Kaplan

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and other experts in ethics on how should we be thinking about our protocol.

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And one of the experts there, a friend of mine, Ann Beal, Ann is a wonderful black pediatrician from New York City.

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She was the first chief patient safety or chief patient officer at Santa Fe.

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She's today on the board of GSK.

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And I brought Ann in and Ann looks at me and says, Tal, I've been in your shoes.

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The only way you can do this is to be transparent to the point of discomfort

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and i listened and i said that's going to be the motto of our medical affairs organization

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and in the ensuing weeks we had a lot of internal

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conversation i was pushing to have the phase three protocol of the covet vaccine actually published

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and companies don't usually publish protocols uh on the web certainly not unredacted

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and certainly not as the trial is still ongoing

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and we finally prevailed and in september we we we went out uh

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and we put the entire protocol on the web

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and i'm very happy to say

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that all the pharma followed some of them within hours we

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got one of the most favorable articles ever written on pharma on the new york times in september of 2020

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but more importantly journalists who used to call me up in those days

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and say hey you know what are you not telling me

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how many patients are you going to sea etc suddenly the

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conversation was tall on page 87 paragraph two of your protocol

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can you explain to me how the power of the statistics work right

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so you could actually take now the conversation with the public

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and i you know i have tremendous respect for to journalists

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because at the end of the day you're the ones who

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translate this to do what the public actually gets to listen and and figure out.

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And so it changed the dialogue that we had with the public on what that protocol was actually trying to do.

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He says one of the most favorable articles on pharma, the New York Times is, I'm thinking like a favorable article on pharma is a win,

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and it doesn't have to be one of the most, right?

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I mean, if it's...

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Penny one is a win.

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If it's 52 % favorable, that's a win.

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No, I really, you know, so I think you kind of answered this, this question that I have.

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But so, you know, you built this foundation, you weren't concerned necessarily about mRNA being efficacious and safe.

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The big priority for you as the pandemic started to hit in the in the year after, right, as you released your vaccine was really making sure

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that you were telling the full story and that everyone who needed to

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and wanted to see that data could actually access it and be able to able to understand that story, you know.

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Was that perhaps the biggest part of your leadership at

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that time as a CMO in an MRNA company once it kind of became a public good, right, a publicly known household name?

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Or how did you see your priorities sort of shifting as MRNA suddenly became an actual medicine

419

that was commercialized and you had to continue moving forward and being a CMO of this company?

420

Yeah, I think that's true.

421

So if you if I look back at 2020 and now, you know, with the wisdom of insight, it really is there's two parts to that year.

422

And the first part, when we sort of had to muster up

423

and figure out how to get this done

424

and how to do it in a way that would avoid all the obvious pitfalls.

425

And by the way, how to do it while learning to work in a completely novel manner.

426

That was all consuming.

427

I mean, if you would have told me in 2019

428

that I'd be developing a vaccine in 2020 and I'd be doing it with a team of dozens of people,

429

all of whom I had hired through Zoom and never met.

430

And I would be doing it with three government agencies who had to align on protocols and endpoints,

431

none of whom got in the room together with each other, let alone me um

432

and i do it in record time such

433

that we went from an idea on a whiteboard to an

434

authorized vaccine in 11 months i would have thought yeah that's that's that's impossible

435

and yet and yet we did it and

436

so that's where you kind of there's learnings from that success in terms of how we work

437

across uh individuals and what can work with remote working

438

and zoom and what actually takes people to get in the room together to align on things

439

and and i think we as a society are still learning that lesson

440

but it's clearly i think for us the development of the vaccine was probably a unique edge case

441

that everybody else experienced in terms of what can you get done remotely

442

and how to go about building a an effective remote working

443

environment the second half of the year I think once the phase three was sort of rolling on its tracks,

444

and then I had to pay attention to two things.

445

I think one of them is, as you said, being the public face, making sure that I can tell the story, that I can represent Moderna.

446

We had very critical FDA meetings, advisory committee meetings cdc meetings etc the other one

447

that is a story that's not often told actually has to do with safety

448

and what people sort of don't realize is and probably this is

449

this is a good explanation for some of the conspiracy theorists out there

450

The mRNA vaccines are the most intensively studied from a safety perspective, medical intervention in the history of humanity.

451

We have dosed, I don't know, one, two billion people with these medicines.

452

We've done it with the most modern tools for data collection ever available to mankind.

453

We've done it with reporting through all forms of modern communication technology.

454

We've done it using the best tools available today of big data analyses for any kind of signal.

455

And the proof is that when you had very rare adverse events

456

that happen at a rate of 1 to 150 or 1 to 200 ,000 cases, those were picked up within months.

457

And that's what happened to the AstraZeneca vaccine, the J &J vaccine, if you recall back.

458

And even Moderna had this this very low signal of the myocarditis that had been picked up and then validated.

459

So there's I don't think there's anything significant about the safety of these vaccines that we don't know.

460

It just doesn't make any sense given the way we collected.

461

And I can tell you the amount of man hours, hundreds of millions that it actually cost to collect the safety data.

462

That is the iceberg under the water.

463

And to the degree that I was sort of steering the ship in those days, that was the thing that I had to pay careful attention to,

464

to make sure that we are actually collecting the data as required by regulations.

465

And by the way, global regulators around the world would have weekly teleconferences without me, FDA, the Europeans, et cetera, et cetera.

466

And they would be talking about the safety of our vaccines and what it is that they get direct reporting.

467

And when you think about it.

468

just to give you a numbers on it

469

when we started down this path we took a look at the previous vaccines launched

470

and we thought that we would get about three to four times the reporting of adverse events

471

that any other vaccine would happen that's what we geared up to

472

when it actually got rolled out we got about 15 folds i mean i don't remember the exact numbers

473

but it was over tenfold what we had expected

474

because of this heightened sense of vigilance because of the public scrutiny

475

and all rightly so and it was our job to react to

476

that collect the data sift through it and make sure

477

that we report it accurately and so that's a story that's not often told

478

but for me was critical so that i can be out there

479

and and and say yep you know

480

if you want to know what the side effects are you remember

481

that fda label go back and pull it up because if there's anything we saw by law, it's on there.

482

And we're having those conversations with the FDA to tell them about it.

483

Yeah.

484

You know, very few, it occurs to me, the very few, very few CXOs in a similar,

485

will ever find themselves in a similar position where that one moment, moment in time, you know,

486

really throws the afterburners of your career on, right?

487

Like very few people are going to see that and very

488

and fewer still fewer still people are going to survive it

489

come out the other end like you know hey the contributions

490

there being biotech yeah i i stand on it um

491

so you know it goes without saying that that

492

that had to have been a supreme confidence builder even even in your already very successful

493

and advanced career that had to be a supreme confidence builder

494

but and and as i said we could talk about covid for like the next three hours

495

but um i want to i want to kind of shift back to like what, what makes Dr. Talzak's, Talzak's who he is today and,

496

and kind of keeps him moving forward.

497

So taking sort of, sort of that specific experience off the table, what other inflection points during your, you know, CXO, you know,

498

VP, even research experiences with your previous companies have in a similar,

499

but maybe more muted, more muted to the public way influenced, uh, your confidence in, in your,

500

uh, career trajectory, you know, your decisions to go on and be a, be a board guy, be a founder, be a, you know, uh, the, the leader of Exilio, for instance, now.

501

Uh, it's a combination of factors, you know, it starts with the absolute joy.

502

of seeing clinical benefit come at the other end.

503

I'll tell you a story back when I was at Sanofi.

504

We had a drug that was in phase one, just the first phase of clinical research.

505

And it was, it targets something called CD38 for patients with a type of blood cancer called multiple myeloma.

506

And this phase one had been going on for very long because we started at very low doses.

507

We were going very, very slowly, and it wasn't clear that it was going to work, so people weren't excited to enroll.

508

And one day, the team comes back and tells me, you know, you remember that 70 -year -old patient that we had, and he'd just gotten a couple of doses?

509

Well, he decided to go off protocol, and he's no longer participating.

510

I'm like, why?

511

You know, we just lost the data point.

512

This is hard enough as it is.

513

And they say, well, you know, here's what happened.

514

We gave him two doses

515

or three doses of the drug he went into a complete

516

response he's 70 year old he's been feeling like crap for

517

the last decade of his life he finally got the opportunity to go to europe

518

and take the summer off and do that trip he's been dreaming up

519

so he decided he's not coming for his next dose he's going off to europe to live right

520

and then you go okay i guess i guess that's okay

521

that's what we strive for right improve quality of life exactly

522

so uh so so it's those stories that that you sort of

523

that you live for on the you know i i think i've been fortunate to to have mentors and colleagues

524

to be able to talk to and have have sort of steered me right whether it's people like steve Rosenberg,

525

who is still there at the NCI now 50 years as the towering modern giant father of immuno -oncology.

526

I mean, a lot of therapies we see today, the T -cell therapies all started in his lab back in the day.

527

I've been fortunate to have a supportive wife who understands what I do

528

And more than that will actually tell me to my face

529

when I'm talking nonsense and tell me the stuff I don't want to hear.

530

And I've been blessed with having colleagues, you know, one of the.

531

privileges that we have in the world in this ecosystem is

532

that the end game is something tangible

533

that is easy to be passionate about we're not making widgets

534

we're making people feel better live longer we're trying to cure diseases we're trying to prevent horrible illnesses it is easy to get

535

that as a rallying cry what's hard is then to figure

536

out okay with all the unknowns in biology along the way how do you do

537

that now in the i i think this in in this phase of my career

538

one of the things i learned at moderna sort of through

539

doing is the importance of aligning return on investment with uh with kind of innovation and doing good for patients

540

and it sounds trite but it's actually not obvious and it's not trivial to get right the

541

Our ecosystem has been so productive, but you have to understand the drivers of this ecosystem,

542

because if you look at other economic models of trying to translate innovation into health care benefits, they have not worked nearly as well.

543

And so I judge it by the results

544

and I am deeply respectful of the underlying economic ecosystem

545

that rewards innovation and rewards investment in high risk areas with a return on that investment.

546

you know i was um i was kindly invited to a recent uh summit

547

that uh one of the national academy of sciences medicine

548

and engineering had about how to better align uh investing in innovation

549

and therapeutics with unmet need and

550

and one of my points to them was i i'm not ashamed of saying return on investment

551

when we talk about drug pricing uh you know we we we often talk about

552

kind of reimbursement and reimbursement is a term that is fit for

553

when i go out and have a meal

554

and i need somebody to pay for the meal we don't

555

work for reimbursement let's be fair we work for a return

556

on the investment my shareholders my limited partners right now in

557

venture a lot of them are pension funds they give me

558

a pot of money seven years later i need to give them a bigger pot of money back

559

because they got to go pay those pensions that's what propels our system

560

that is commercial investment

561

and for me since i was fortunate to never actually do

562

anything strictly for money uh i became super curious to understand

563

and immerse myself in an ecosystem where

564

that part of the value is actually a very objective

565

and legitimate yardstick um you know sweat equity

566

and capital equity tend to be rewarded differently i've sort of lived now through both

567

and uh when

568

when investors at moderna used to ask me well you know

569

what's the stock price should i invest is it too high

570

is it too low what's it going to i used to look at them

571

and say look you can do what you want with your

572

money i'm actually investing something much more valuable than money at moderna

573

and that's my time on earth uh

574

so you be the judge of your money i think sweat equity

575

and capital equity are different

576

and these days i'm curious to immerse myself in this side of the business of biotech

577

if i may uh to understand what that return on investment looks like

578

and how do i best align it with the things

579

that i still inherently care about

580

which is translating science into medicine yeah yeah in the in

581

that vein i mean one of the first questions that investors ask,

582

one of the first questions that regulatory agencies ask when they're looking at investigational therapeutics is about unmet medical needs.

583

What does it address?

584

Lots of research in biotech builders thus go about their business searching for solutions to unmet medical needs.

585

Why not?

586

It potentially wins the favor of markets and agencies.

587

But you, on the other hand, And to have shared a somewhat, you know, at face value,

588

perhaps contrarian opinion that unmet medical need is not really what drives innovation in this industry.

589

So I guess I'd ask you for some explanation of that philosophy.

590

Explain yourself.

591

Yeah.

592

Well, you know, it struck me as I was starting out at GSK.

593

I remember at one point we said, okay, we're going to focus on lung cancer because it's an unmet need.

594

And being the flippant young guy that I was, I told the head of the division that actually if he wanted to have an impact on lung cancer, he didn't need to do much work.

595

GSK already had the best drug in their portfolio at the time.

596

And he goes, yeah, what is it?

597

He said, it's Nicorette.

598

unmet need hasn't changed.

599

And so we've had, you know, we've had cancer for eons.

600

And so it's not unmet need per se, that's driven all the new medicines we have.

601

So it's actually new understandings in science and technology that then that are driven primarily by curiosity.

602

You know, when Caitlin Carrico, whom I have a ton of respect for, started fiddling around with the structure of RNA to understand why, in some cases, was it killing cells

603

and what could she do to the chemistry to stop it from killing cells and get progene expressed.

604

She came upon a really interesting discovery, but nobody knew what to do with it.

605

In fact, the IP lay fallow for years.

606

They kind of licensed it to somebody else.

607

And it wasn't until people who actually said, huh, there's something that maybe we can get translated.

608

And even then, the first folks who picked that up, their idea of what to do with it was just following their curiosity.

609

Oh, can I reprogram the stem cell to go be something else?

610

Which is super interesting scientifically, but we still don't know how to make a medicine out of it.

611

And so for me, that bit of translation in the middle, pure innovation is opens up the potential.

612

That's the curiosity driven.

613

That's basic science.

614

That's basic technology.

615

When Bob Langer discovered that he could make lipid nanoparticles,

616

and Bob is a legendary MIT professor who's the father of the modern lipid nanoparticle and frankly, one of the fathers of the current ecosystem,

617

as we know it, of Boston Biotech.

618

And that's because of his deep understanding that when he discovered he could do something, and that something was everybody else thought he couldn't do it and shouldn't be possible,

619

that opened up a wonderful world of intellectual property.

620

And his understanding of the value of intellectual property

621

and the ability then to showcase what you could do with it to attract investment, that's what started the ball rolling.

622

And frankly, Moderna is sort of the culmination of the curiosity of people like Bob Langer,

623

like Caitlin Carrico, but actually putting it together in something that now is useful.

624

In fact, even in the early days of Moderna, we were exploring a whole bunch of different things and trying to make different types of therapies with it.

625

Moderna still is exploring the next frontier, whether it's cystic fibrosis or rare disease.

626

Now we know vaccines work and what happens is unmet need becomes the prism by

627

which you focus the light it's not the source of the light the source of the energy is actually

628

that scientific and technical innovation

629

and that's brilliant people who just are just super curious to go to go do something

630

or investigate something but the ability to then focus

631

that potential show through the prism of unmet need is what gets us medicine.

632

I think that's a really interesting distinction, especially given where we are right now,

633

I think with mRNA and you're positioning yourself right at the at the head of a brand new mRNA company, right? So,

634

you know, where there's still so much unknown unknowns right around the science of mRNA

635

and how it works and the delivery of it

636

and how it's going to perform in different cell types

637

and how we get it to express longer such there are

638

so many different scientific questions um

639

and we also you know tend to i think celebrate mra

640

at face value for the ability to manufacture more efficiently right

641

you've talked about this in comparison to other cell -based medicines right

642

so you know i'd be curious to get your sense on

643

the trajectory of innovation in this space what you really think is

644

are some of the the pieces here that are really driving further innovation in

645

that space right And that we are starting to funnel into unmet need to some extent to make these into therapies.

646

But what are those, you know, what's stoking the innovation in the mRNA space today that has you the most excited?

647

And what's at the root of that?

648

So I think the two current frontiers for mRNA medicines have to do still with the original questions in a way,

649

except we've moved the ball down the field.

650

The first is what cell can you get the mRNA into to mediate the protein translation

651

that would lead to a therapeutic benefit?

652

Vaccines were the low hanging fruit

653

because all you need is a needle in the arm and it goes to the local lymph nodes.

654

And all you need is a smidgen of protein produced and you mimic a viral infection and off you go.

655

The next place where you can put it is likely intravenous.

656

And I think that's also been proven.

657

And we've demonstrated, we at Moderna back in the day, shown that we can inject mRNA encoding just for an antibody intravenously

658

and it goes to the liver and it will make you antibody and you get therapeutic doses of antibody.

659

So can you get it to the lungs?

660

Can you get it to the bone marrow?

661

Can you get lupin nanoparticles into immune cells?

662

Can you get that into the brain?

663

I think that's some of the those are some of the frontier areas where people are trying to push the boundaries.

664

The next the other dimension is, well, what actually can you encode in the mRNA?

665

And initially, the place you start is the stuff that's best understood because you want to minimize risk.

666

And nothing is better understood than an antigen for a virus.

667

And, you know, it's no mistake

668

that all the COVID vaccines all use the exact same spike protein that everybody now knows what a spike protein is.

669

OK, that was easy.

670

But you could actually make proteins that are much more complicated.

671

You can make proteins that require several several subunits to come together

672

and you can make proteins that have not been seen in nature.

673

You can invent new proteins that have novel functions or improve on functions in very creative ways.

674

I am curious about that frontier personally, that's where Exilio comes in,

675

because for me, Exilio, this gene therapy company that I've now taken on,

676

is actually at the forefront.

677

It can combine innovation that comes from two different sources.

678

One of them is mRNA and a lipid nanoparticle as a drug format.

679

We can give it, it can go to cells where we understand can already go to, whether it's the liver or immune cells and it can translate protein

680

and you can actually give it repeatedly you can give it once twice three times in fact you know moderna

681

and their lead indications are have gone now for for about

682

a year in their first two diseases giving it every two to three weeks no problem

683

but the second thing is gene therapy can i actually integrate

684

a novel piece of genetic material in a safe way into the human genome to produce a therapeutic protein.

685

And then I don't have to keep treating that patient.

686

Well, that's as close to a cure as I know.

687

And so what this company

688

that I'm now running is trying to do is basically take

689

a page of evolution as a starting point of some elements that can actually do this in nature, but use modern tools of protein engineering to improve upon their utility

690

so that we can actually use mRNA

691

and a lipid nanoparticle as a way to bring gene therapy to the forefront

692

and do it not just by doing one or two small, you know, alterations of a genome,

693

but actually to insert an entire piece of missing genetic material and cure a kid with a genetic disease, for example.

694

And this, my friend, is where the cliffhanger comes in

695

because we do have a hard stop and

696

because my next series of questions we certainly cannot tackle in four minutes we cannot those questions those questions being

697

if curiosity is to be rewarded it it must be funded

698

who is funding curiosity who's willing to fund how do you

699

willing to fund these innovation come on in this market who's going to fun we're going to go down

700

that path we're going to get to know exilio uh in in detail

701

but we're not going to do it right now folks we're

702

going to do it in part two of this conversation

703

that i am um hereby committing dr tall zacks sorry you're

704

gonna have to come back to tell some more tall tales with pleasure colleagues

705

and we will have popcorn for that one we will have popcorn for that one.

706

I will bring the popcorn.

707

But for now, we are going to let you off the hook to meet your next commitment.

708

And I will be in touch with your people to get part two scheduled very, very quickly because I might get to run right on the heels of this one.

709

This has been a fascinating conversation and I appreciate your time.

710

Stay tuned.

711

I look forward to it.

712

Thank you so much.

713

Thank you.

714

Thank you.

715

So that's part one of Exilio Therapeutics, CEO and chair of the Board of directors, Dr. Tal Zaks.

716

I'm Matt Piller.

717

And I'm Anna Rose Welch.

718

You just listened to The Business of Biotech.

719

We're produced by Life Science Connect in support of a deep community of learning, solving, and sourcing solutions for biotech and life sciences leaders.

720

And if you haven't seen it yet, be sure to visit our video cast page under the listen and watch tab at bioprocessonline .com.

721

There you'll find this and hundreds of other videos of our interviews with biotech builders.

722

While you're there, subscribe to the Business of Biotech newsletter at bioprocessonline .com backslash B -O -B.

723

In the meantime, we'll see you next week, hopefully, for part two of Storytime with Tal.

724

And thanks for listening.

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Biotech Story Time With Tal Zaks, M.D” เป็นสื่อ วิดีโอนี้มี 724 ประโยค และ 9464 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 55:08 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 172 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 82% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
vaccine คำนาม	/vækˈsin/	วัคซีน
innovation คำนาม	/ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/	นวัตกรรม
ecosystem คำนาม	/ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/	ระบบนิเวศ
popcorn คำนาม	/ˈpɑp.kɔɹn/	ป๊อปคอร์น, ข้าวโพดคั่ว
protocol คำนาม	/ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑl/	พิธีสาร
translate คำกริยา	/tɹænzˈleɪt/	แปล
physician คำนาม	/fəˈzɪʃən/	หมอ, แพทย์
curiosity คำนาม	/ˌkjʊɹ.iˈɑ.sə.ti/	ความอยากรู้อยากเห็น, ความอยากรู้
builder คำนาม	/ˈbɪl.dəɹ/	ผู้สร้าง, ผู้ก่อสร้าง
dose คำนาม	/ˈdəʊ̯s/	ขนาดยา
virus คำนาม	/ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/	เชื้อ, ไวรัส
priority คำนาม	/pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/	สิทธิไปก่อน, ความสำคัญ
theater คำนาม	/ˈθi(ə)tɚ/	โรงละคร
reward คำนาม	/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/	รางวัล
label คำนาม	/ˈleɪ.bəl/	ฉลาก

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
go back คำกริยา	กลับไป
pick up คำกริยา	ยก, หยิบ
come back คำกริยา	กลับมา
get up คำกริยา	ลุก
go out คำกริยา	ออก, ออกไป

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:

Can you make a medicine?
Zax, what are you worried about?
Can you get it to the bone marrow?
Can you get lupin nanoparticles into immune cells?
Can you get that into the brain?

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — การกระทำที่เริ่มก่อนหน้านี้และยังดำเนินอยู่	have been working · he's been dreaming
“used to” used to + กริยา — นิสัยหรือสภาพในอดีตที่ตอนนี้ไม่เป็นแล้ว	used to call · used to look
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	it's been · has built · has become
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	being wrapped · were actually marked · is driven

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 144 ครั้ง เช่น I'm, don't, we're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “th”: therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/, theater /ˈθi(ə)tɚ/, ethics /ˈɛθ.ɪks/, theorist /ˈθiːəɹəst/, breadth /bɹɛdθ/
เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, physician /fəˈzɪʃən/, fellowship /ˈfɛl.ə.ʃɪp/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, innovative /ˈɪn.əˌveɪtɪv/, curiosity /ˌkjʊɹ.iˈɑ.sə.ti/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/

เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:

เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: curious /ˈkjʊɹ.i.əs/, protocol /ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑl/, innovative /ˈɪn.əˌveɪtɪv/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, dose /ˈdəʊ̯s/
/v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: vaccine /vækˈsin/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, innovative /ˈɪn.əˌveɪtɪv/, virus /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/, favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)ɹəbəl/
/z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, physician /fəˈzɪʃən/, translation /tɹænzˈleɪʃən/, presentation /ˌpɹɛzn̩ˈteɪʃn̩/, zoom /zuːm/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง vaccine, innovation, ecosystem เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Biotech Story Time With Tal Zaks, M.D. (Part 1)

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?