ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Fever Feels Horrible, but is Actually Awesome!

Fever feels bad, so we take medication to suppress it.

But is this a good idea?

It turns out fever is one of the oldest defenses against disease.

What exactly is it?

How does it make your immune defense stronger?

And should you take a pill to combat it?

The heat of life.

On Earth, life is able to thrive between the extremes of minus 10 degrees Celsius in deep cool pools

and 120 degrees Celsius in thermal vents.

Step outside this range and die.

Every animal or microbe has a temperature range that's ideal and one that's stressful but survivable for a while.

Your ideal temperature is where your cells work best, where their internal machinery is the most efficient and the animal as a whole the best adapted to its niche.

are warm-blooded animals and our bodies expend a lot of energy to keep us around 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.

Which seems wasteful, but this may actually be a defensive adaptation.

Our temperature makes us almost entirely immune to one of the worst killers and parasites, fungi.

Most colder animals and their insides are infected by them, but You are just too hot.

Which brings us to fever.

For any microbe that wants to infect you, your body is a world they want to conquer.

Fever is defensive climate change, pushing an invader outside its ideal temperature range and making the world horrible.

It evolved at least 600 million years ago and is widespread.

Most animals increase their core temperature when they're sick.

Fish swim into warmer waters, Lizards bathe in the sun, bees heat up the air inside their hive.

But you, warm-blooded mammal, you have way more drastic options.

Let's make you sick and see what happens.

When your blood turns into larva.

You're invaded by bacteria and viruses at the same time.

The invasion is powerful and you need to slow it down as fast as possible.

Fever is part of your first line of defense, triggered by a diverse group of chemicals called pyrogens, the creators of heat.

They float away from the battlefield and pass right into your brain, where specialized receptors pick them up and crank up your internal thermostat.

First, you begin to shiver.

Your skeletal muscles contract really quickly, which generates a lot of heat in your core.

At the same time, usually the blood vessels near your surfaces contract and prevent heat from escaping through your skin.

Your skin cools down while your insides burn.

Fever is a systemic body-wide response and is a serious energy investment for your body.

You burn about 10% more calories to stay alive for every degree centigrade your body temperature rises.

Fever is also a strong order to lay down and rest to save energy and give your immune system time to fight.

Back to the battlefield.

When the bacteria entered your body, they tried to be stealthy, but now they've switched into high production mode.

Their goal is to multiply as fast as possible, which means they need a lot of resources and are highly stressed.

Imagine running a marathon while eating a succulent Chinese meal and giving birth.

The last thing bacteria need right now is more stress.

So your immune system tries to stress them out as much as possible by ordering inflammation, which floods the battlefield with fluids, attack proteins and soldiers.

Pretty stressful.

Fever is even more stress.

For the bacteria a moment ago, the temperature range was pleasant.

Now the world burns.

Heat can cause their organs to break and the membranes to rupture, damage their DNA and diminish protein production.

They are seriously suffering from the heat.

Why doesn't this affect your cells?

It does.

All of this is stressful for your cells too.

Virtually every system and organ of your body works worse during fever except one, your immune system.

Neutrophils are recruited faster, macrophages and dendritic cells are better at devouring enemies, killer cells kill better, and so on.

And fever animates your immune cells to gobble up the critical resources your enemies need, like iron, glucose and glutamine, turning the battlefield into a food desert.

The viruses that infected millions of cells are doing even worse because they are also very sensitive to heat.

For example, the rhinovirus that causes the common cold can only infect your respiratory tract

because it is significantly colder than the rest of your body, even without fever.

The heat is also really bad for the millions of cells that are infected by viruses at this point.

They are working super hard producing viruses, which is pretty stressful.

As the heat becomes too much to bear, the super stressed cells panic.

If their internal machinery is breaking and failing, they quickly produce billions of heat shock proteins, or HSPs, that start repairs, keeping them alive.

But this is a trap.

Even your healthy cells produce HSPs to deal with the heat, but if a cell makes too many of them, this means it's more stressed than it should be.

And if it's too stressed, something is wrong and it should be killed.

So your natural killer cells and killer T cells are activated

and attracted by HSPs and start killing infected cells and all the viruses inside them.

By trying to protect themselves, infected cells are calling out to be destroyed.

But if fever is such an effective weapon, why don't your enemies adapt to it?

How is it still viable in so many different animals after hundreds of millions of years?

A wild reason is that fever actually might outsmart evolution.

If your enemies survive fever long enough, natural selection changes them.

The individuals that are better suited to deal with heat reproduce more.

After a few days, they've adapted.

But this becomes a handicap because the next step is to infect new victims in new bodies.

And now, healthy humans are too cold for them.

Not impossible to infect, just harder.

And the heat-resistant microbes now compete with their cousins that like it colder and have an advantage infecting healthy hosts.

This creates an evolutionary dilemma without a perfect solution.

To circumvent this, serious pathogens like measles use hit-and-run tactics.

The measles virus is the most infectious right before your fever hits with full force.

It's brutally beaten back once your full immune response shows up.

But by then, the damage is done.

Fever is an effective part of the puzzle of your immune system, helping to attack and stress your enemies from as many angles as possible.

But if fever is so great, why do we stop it when we're sick?

Should you fight fever with medications?

We think it's normal to have magic pills,

but relatively harmless, over-the-counter pain medication like aspirin or ibuprofen only became cheap and widely available in the last century or so.

Going to a pharmacy to get something for your headache is extremely new in human history.

Pain feels bad, so we've gotten used to stopping it when we feel it.

If you're sick, you're supposed to feel a reasonable amount of pain so you lie down and save energy.

This is not a bug, but a feature of your immune system.

But pain and fever are closely connected, and over-the-counter pain medication like ibuprofen and paracetamol also work against fever.

Especially in children, fever is often suppressed by worried parents or doctors, sometimes because they think fever itself is the disease,

or they're worried that it can do long-term harm.

In general, it's fair to say that for temperatures below 40 degrees Celsius or 104 Fahrenheit, fever is not dangerous and doesn't need to be treated.

Of course, there are also patients that should not have fever, like pregnant women, seniors and seriously weakened patients.

For them, the extra stress may be dangerous.

Fever over 40 degrees Celsius is dangerous to anybody, because it's most likely caused by your internal heat monitor failing.

Things get more complicated in serious disease territory.

100

We also have evidence that for some diseases like influenza or chickenpox, anti-fever drugs do not help you to heal faster.

101

But we're also running into ethics problems here that make clinical trials difficult.

102

In one study, doctors gave strong anti-fever treatment to critical care patients, but had to stop after mortality shot up.

103

Overall, we have strong indications that more people may survive serious infectious diseases better with a fever.

104

And there is very little clinical evidence that stopping fever leads to better health outcomes.

105

But there are important exceptions like neurological injuries and stroke.

106

We definitely need a lot more research.

107

So, should you fight fever?

108

Well, speak to your doctor and don't listen to internet videos.

109

But this decision is really about payoffs.

110

If a fever is not dangerously high and you can bear it, you're supporting your defenses and may even get healthy a bit faster.

111

But if you feel really bad and are healthy in general, taking a pill against pain

112

and fever will make you feel better quicker at the cost of a slightly less effective immune defense.

113

However you decide, the next time you're burning up and feeling bad, you can rest easy in the knowledge that your enemies are having a much worse time than you.

114

It's thanks to doctors and researchers that we have these insights.

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We're just doing our part by bringing them to you.

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If you are also aiming to make a positive difference in the world, where should you start?

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Thank you.

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

บทเรียนฝึกพูดระดับ C1 นี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Fever Feels Horrible, but is Actually Awesome!” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: fever, heat, cell, immune, temperature วิดีโอนี้มี 131 ประโยค และ 1794 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 11:05 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 162 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน มีเพียง 81% ของคำที่อยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงค่อนข้างยาก

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ยากที่สุด 15 คำในวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
infect คำกริยา	/ɪnˈfɛkt/	ติดเชื้อ
bacterium คำนาม	/bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/	แบคทีเรีย, บัคเตรี
battlefield คำนาม	/ˈbætəlˌfiːld/	สนามรบ, สมรภูมิ
microbe คำนาม	/ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/	จุลชีพ, จุลินทรีย์
pill คำนาม	/pɪl/	ยาเม็ด, เม็ด
ibuprofen คำนาม	/ˌaɪ.bju.ˈpɹoʊ.fən/	ไอบูโปรเฟน
aspirin คำนาม	/ˈæs.pɹɪn/	แอสไพริน
devour คำกริยา	/dɪˈvaʊɚ/	เขมือบ
invader คำนาม	/ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/	ผู้รุกราน
mammal คำนาม	/ˈmæməl/	สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยน้ำนม, สัตว์กินนม
multiply คำกริยา	/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/	คูณ
pathogen คำนาม	/ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/	จุลชีพก่อโรค
pyrogen คำนาม		สารก่อไข้
calorie คำนาม	/ˈkæləɹi/	แคลอรี
invade คำกริยา	/ɪnˈveɪd/	บุกรุก

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
lie down คำกริยา	นอน
heat up คำกริยา	อุ่น
show up คำกริยา	โผล่

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:

How does it make your immune defense stronger?
Let's make you sick and see what happens.
Why doesn't this affect your cells?
Should you fight fever with medications?

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	are infected · are recruited · should be killed
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	they've switched · they've adapted · we've gotten
Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ	possible, which means · viruses, which is

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 19 ครั้ง เช่น you're, we're, doesn't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “th”: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, stealthy /ˈstɛlθi/, thermostat /ˈθɝməstæt/, thrive /θɹajv/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, shiver /ˈʃɪvɚ/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: ibuprofen /ˌaɪ.bju.ˈpɹoʊ.fən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, paracetamol /ˌpɛɹ.əˈsiː.təˌmɔl/, influenza /ˌɪn.fluˈɛn.zə/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/

เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:

เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: stressful /ˈstɹɛsfəl/, pill /pɪl/, measles /ˈmizəlz/, suppress /səˈpɹɛs/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/
/v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: circumvent /səːkəmˈvɛnt/, devour /dɪˈvaʊɚ/, invader /ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/, shiver /ˈʃɪvɚ/, hive /haɪv/
/z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: measles /ˈmizəlz/, extremes /ɪkˈstɹimz/, specialize /ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz/, influenza /ˌɪn.fluˈɛn.zə/, glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง infect, bacterium, battlefield เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

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O, Death!

คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?