Prática de Shadowing: Fever Feels Horrible, but is Actually Awesome! - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Escolha um modo de prática
Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.
131 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
Fever feels bad, so we take medication to suppress it.
2
But is this a good idea?
3
It turns out fever is one of the oldest defenses against disease.
4
What exactly is it?
5
How does it make your immune defense stronger?
6
And should you take a pill to combat it?
7
The heat of life.
8
On Earth, life is able to thrive between the extremes of minus 10 degrees Celsius in deep cool pools
9
and 120 degrees Celsius in thermal vents.
10
Step outside this range and die.
11
Every animal or microbe has a temperature range that's ideal and one that's stressful but survivable for a while.
12
Your ideal temperature is where your cells work best, where their internal machinery is the most efficient and the animal as a whole the best adapted to its niche.
13
are warm-blooded animals and our bodies expend a lot of energy to keep us around 37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
14
Which seems wasteful, but this may actually be a defensive adaptation.
15
Our temperature makes us almost entirely immune to one of the worst killers and parasites, fungi.
16
Most colder animals and their insides are infected by them, but You are just too hot.
17
Which brings us to fever.
18
For any microbe that wants to infect you, your body is a world they want to conquer.
19
Fever is defensive climate change, pushing an invader outside its ideal temperature range and making the world horrible.
20
It evolved at least 600 million years ago and is widespread.
21
Most animals increase their core temperature when they're sick.
22
Fish swim into warmer waters, Lizards bathe in the sun, bees heat up the air inside their hive.
23
But you, warm-blooded mammal, you have way more drastic options.
24
Let's make you sick and see what happens.
25
When your blood turns into larva.
26
You're invaded by bacteria and viruses at the same time.
27
The invasion is powerful and you need to slow it down as fast as possible.
28
Fever is part of your first line of defense, triggered by a diverse group of chemicals called pyrogens, the creators of heat.
29
They float away from the battlefield and pass right into your brain, where specialized receptors pick them up and crank up your internal thermostat.
30
First, you begin to shiver.
31
Your skeletal muscles contract really quickly, which generates a lot of heat in your core.
32
At the same time, usually the blood vessels near your surfaces contract and prevent heat from escaping through your skin.
33
Your skin cools down while your insides burn.
34
Fever is a systemic body-wide response and is a serious energy investment for your body.
35
You burn about 10% more calories to stay alive for every degree centigrade your body temperature rises.
36
Fever is also a strong order to lay down and rest to save energy and give your immune system time to fight.
37
Back to the battlefield.
38
When the bacteria entered your body, they tried to be stealthy, but now they've switched into high production mode.
39
Their goal is to multiply as fast as possible, which means they need a lot of resources and are highly stressed.
40
Imagine running a marathon while eating a succulent Chinese meal and giving birth.
41
The last thing bacteria need right now is more stress.
42
So your immune system tries to stress them out as much as possible by ordering inflammation, which floods the battlefield with fluids, attack proteins and soldiers.
43
Pretty stressful.
44
Fever is even more stress.
45
For the bacteria a moment ago, the temperature range was pleasant.
46
Now the world burns.
47
Heat can cause their organs to break and the membranes to rupture, damage their DNA and diminish protein production.
48
They are seriously suffering from the heat.
49
Why doesn't this affect your cells?
50
It does.
51
All of this is stressful for your cells too.
52
Virtually every system and organ of your body works worse during fever except one, your immune system.
53
Neutrophils are recruited faster, macrophages and dendritic cells are better at devouring enemies, killer cells kill better, and so on.
54
And fever animates your immune cells to gobble up the critical resources your enemies need, like iron, glucose and glutamine, turning the battlefield into a food desert.
55
The viruses that infected millions of cells are doing even worse because they are also very sensitive to heat.
56
For example, the rhinovirus that causes the common cold can only infect your respiratory tract
57
because it is significantly colder than the rest of your body, even without fever.
58
The heat is also really bad for the millions of cells that are infected by viruses at this point.
59
They are working super hard producing viruses, which is pretty stressful.
60
As the heat becomes too much to bear, the super stressed cells panic.
61
If their internal machinery is breaking and failing, they quickly produce billions of heat shock proteins, or HSPs, that start repairs, keeping them alive.
62
But this is a trap.
63
Even your healthy cells produce HSPs to deal with the heat, but if a cell makes too many of them, this means it's more stressed than it should be.
64
And if it's too stressed, something is wrong and it should be killed.
65
So your natural killer cells and killer T cells are activated
66
and attracted by HSPs and start killing infected cells and all the viruses inside them.
67
By trying to protect themselves, infected cells are calling out to be destroyed.
68
But if fever is such an effective weapon, why don't your enemies adapt to it?
69
How is it still viable in so many different animals after hundreds of millions of years?
70
A wild reason is that fever actually might outsmart evolution.
71
If your enemies survive fever long enough, natural selection changes them.
72
The individuals that are better suited to deal with heat reproduce more.
73
After a few days, they've adapted.
74
But this becomes a handicap because the next step is to infect new victims in new bodies.
75
And now, healthy humans are too cold for them.
76
Not impossible to infect, just harder.
77
And the heat-resistant microbes now compete with their cousins that like it colder and have an advantage infecting healthy hosts.
78
This creates an evolutionary dilemma without a perfect solution.
79
To circumvent this, serious pathogens like measles use hit-and-run tactics.
80
The measles virus is the most infectious right before your fever hits with full force.
81
It's brutally beaten back once your full immune response shows up.
82
But by then, the damage is done.
83
Fever is an effective part of the puzzle of your immune system, helping to attack and stress your enemies from as many angles as possible.
84
But if fever is so great, why do we stop it when we're sick?
85
Should you fight fever with medications?
86
We think it's normal to have magic pills,
87
but relatively harmless, over-the-counter pain medication like aspirin or ibuprofen only became cheap and widely available in the last century or so.
88
Going to a pharmacy to get something for your headache is extremely new in human history.
89
Pain feels bad, so we've gotten used to stopping it when we feel it.
90
If you're sick, you're supposed to feel a reasonable amount of pain so you lie down and save energy.
91
This is not a bug, but a feature of your immune system.
92
But pain and fever are closely connected, and over-the-counter pain medication like ibuprofen and paracetamol also work against fever.
93
Especially in children, fever is often suppressed by worried parents or doctors, sometimes because they think fever itself is the disease,
94
or they're worried that it can do long-term harm.
95
In general, it's fair to say that for temperatures below 40 degrees Celsius or 104 Fahrenheit, fever is not dangerous and doesn't need to be treated.
96
Of course, there are also patients that should not have fever, like pregnant women, seniors and seriously weakened patients.
97
For them, the extra stress may be dangerous.
98
Fever over 40 degrees Celsius is dangerous to anybody, because it's most likely caused by your internal heat monitor failing.
99
Things get more complicated in serious disease territory.
100
We also have evidence that for some diseases like influenza or chickenpox, anti-fever drugs do not help you to heal faster.
101
But we're also running into ethics problems here that make clinical trials difficult.
102
In one study, doctors gave strong anti-fever treatment to critical care patients, but had to stop after mortality shot up.
103
Overall, we have strong indications that more people may survive serious infectious diseases better with a fever.
104
And there is very little clinical evidence that stopping fever leads to better health outcomes.
105
But there are important exceptions like neurological injuries and stroke.
106
We definitely need a lot more research.
107
So, should you fight fever?
108
Well, speak to your doctor and don't listen to internet videos.
109
But this decision is really about payoffs.
110
If a fever is not dangerously high and you can bear it, you're supporting your defenses and may even get healthy a bit faster.
111
But if you feel really bad and are healthy in general, taking a pill against pain
112
and fever will make you feel better quicker at the cost of a slightly less effective immune defense.
113
However you decide, the next time you're burning up and feeling bad, you can rest easy in the knowledge that your enemies are having a much worse time than you.
114
It's thanks to doctors and researchers that we have these insights.
115
We're just doing our part by bringing them to you.
116
If you are also aiming to make a positive difference in the world, where should you start?
117
Today's sponsor, 80,000 Hours, can help you with that decision.
118
80,000 Hours is a non-profit career advice organization
119
that wants to help people find fulfilling careers that also do a lot of good in the world.
120
And their advice is free, without any hidden cost or fee later on.
121
Like us, they care a lot about making sure their work is based on the best available evidence and consultation with experts.
122
So they spent the last decade compiling
123
and conducting research into topics like how much impact can one person actually have
124
and what are the best ways to make a positive difference on important global issues.
125
Turns out following a well-known career path isn't your only option to achieve that goal.
126
In fact, there may be many paths
127
that make an even bigger difference in the world that you may not have even heard of.
128
The time you'll spend on your career is probably your biggest opportunity to have an impact.
129
If you want to make the most of it, join the newsletter now and get a free copy of their in-depth career guide sent to your inbox.
130
Just sign up at 80000hours.org slash in a nutshell.
131
Thank you.
Baixar aplicativo
Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase
Prática de IPADomine cada som
VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras
Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando
📺 Mesmo canal
B229
Your Skeleton Is Electric
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B234
Your Brain Peaked at Birth
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1116
Could Humans Evolve Flight?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C135
Why Ebola Keeps Coming Back
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2135
Can Earth Run Out of Water?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C110
Would You Upload Your Mind?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B264
What the Flu Does to Your Body
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2559
What If You Never Slept?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
The Rise of the Machines – Why Automation is Different this Time
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
Your Brain on Magic Mushrooms
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
The Most Complex Language in the World
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B25
Let’s Steal a New Moon
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2759
How Stress Changes Your Brain
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Awesome! 3/3
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B252
Can We Stop the Extinction?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B26
YOU Own the Moon. And Mars. And Venus.
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2209
The True Cost of War
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B23
What Is Life? Is Death Real?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1149
How Antidepressants Work
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
✨ Vídeo recomendado
C18
118 frases
This Disease is Deadlier Than The Plague
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C147
12 frases
Why Do We Itch?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C168
44 frases
Why is it Hot Underground?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
159 frases
Introduction to the immune system
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
89 frases
Fire in ZERO-G!!
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
32 frases
Anti-matter & nuclear weapons: Why technology is always a double-edge sword | Don Lincoln
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
110 frases
Feedback Mechanisms - Your body’s control Systems - Physiology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
67 frases
Why Don't Snakes Poison Themselves?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C110
37 frases
Unit 1 Louis Pasteur Learn English via Listening Level 3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
59 frases
Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C18
45 frases
Photic sneezing: IELTS LISTENING Vol 4 Test 4 Section 4 (IELTS Listening Recent Actual Test)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
75 frases
Why do we get Thirsty? | #aumsum #kids #education #science
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “Fever Feels Horrible, but is Actually Awesome!”. As palavras que mais se repetem: fever, heat, cell, immune, temperature. Este vídeo tem 131 frases e 1794 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 11:05. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 162 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| infect verbo | /ɪnˈfɛkt/ | infectar, contagiar |
| bacterium substantivo | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bactéria |
| stressful adjetivo | /ˈstɹɛsfəl/ | estressante, stressante |
| battlefield substantivo | /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/ | campo de batalha |
| microbe substantivo | /ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/ | micróbio |
| adapt verbo | /əˈdæpt/ | adaptar |
| pill substantivo | /pɪl/ | comprimido, pílula |
| ibuprofen substantivo | /ˌaɪ.bju.ˈpɹoʊ.fən/ | ibuprofeno |
| suppress verbo | /səˈpɹɛs/ | suprimir |
| infectious adjetivo | /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/ | infeccioso, contagioso |
| machinery substantivo | /məˈʃiːnəɹi/ | maquinaria, maquinário |
| animate adjetivo | /ˈæn.ə.mət/ | animado |
| aspirin substantivo | /ˈæs.pɹɪn/ | aspirina |
| circumvent verbo | /səːkəmˈvɛnt/ | contornar |
| compile verbo | /kəmˈpaɪl/ | compilar |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| lie down verbo | deitar-se | |
| turn out verbo | terminar | |
| cool down verbo | /kuːl ˈdaʊn/ | esfriar, arrefecer |
| shoot up verbo | espichar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- How does it make your immune defense stronger?
- Let's make you sick and see what happens.
- Why doesn't this affect your cells?
- Should you fight fever with medications?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are infected · are recruited · should be killed |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | they've switched · they've adapted · we've gotten |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | possible, which means · viruses, which is |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 19 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you're, we're, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, stealthy /ˈstɛlθi/, thermostat /ˈθɝməstæt/, thrive /θɹajv/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, shiver /ˈʃɪvɚ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: ibuprofen /ˌaɪ.bju.ˈpɹoʊ.fən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, paracetamol /ˌpɛɹ.əˈsiː.təˌmɔl/, influenza /ˌɪn.fluˈɛn.zə/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: infect /ɪnˈfɛkt/, battlefield /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/, microbe /ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/, adapt /əˈdæpt/, animate /ˈæn.ə.mət/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: stressful /ˈstɹɛsfəl/, pill /pɪl/, compile /kəmˈpaɪl/, mammal /ˈmæməl/, neutrophil /ˈnjuːtɹəfɪl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hive /haɪv/, handicap /ˈhændikæp/, harmless /ˈhɑɹmləs/, headache /ˈhɛdeɪk/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como infect, bacterium, stressful.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.