ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: HCC 1475-27 Band ligator

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Greetings.

Let us learn about band ligator.

Band ligator is like putting a ligature

and here you can see the application of band ligator to ligate esophageal varices to prevent bleeding as well as treat bleeding.

In addition to esophageal variceal bleeding control,

band ligator has also been used in the control of arterial bleeding.

Here is an example of band ligation of diverticular bleeding.

It has also been used for management of dulofoy bleeding as well.

another application of band ligation is in resection of flat lesions

here is an example of band ligation followed by resection of

Barrett's mucosa band ligation EMR has also been used to manage rectal carcinoids so among all the different uses,

band ligation of varices is used quite often in practice.

And before we learn about band ligation of varices,

let us take some time to learn about how varices form and thereby you can understand better how to use band ligation.

Here is a normal anatomy of the portal venous system.

Portal vane drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and also portal vane drains blood from the spleen.

So let us look at the blood flow.

So here is a splenic vane that is draining blood from the spleen

and the splenic vane also drains blood from the left portion of the colon

and that dumps blood via the inferior mesentric vein.

So the splinic vein goes and joins the superior mesentric vein to form the portal vein.

And the portal vein, like any vein, once it goes into the liver it branches becomes capillaries

and supplies the liver cells

and then from the liver hepatic veins start draining the liver

and then they enter the inferior vena cava and the inferior vena cava goes into the right atrium

Two systems of veins are very important in esophageal varices, and these are right and left gastric veins,

which drain into the portal vein.

So we have learned about portal venous system, and let us take a little bit of a deep dive

into the liver lobule to understand the flow of blood from the portal vein to the hepatic vein.

So here is a liver lobule.

It's a normal liver lobule.

You have portal triads consisting of portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic ducts.

The blood flow from the portal vein reaches the central vein via a bunch of sinusoids.

the flow of blood from the portal vein goes to the central vein from the central vein

it goes into the hepatic vein branches and finally the hepatic veins and the inferior vena cava

in cirrhosis of the liver the liver lobular architecture is destroyed

and there is resistance to the flow of blood from the portal vein to the central vein

and there is also development of communications between the veins

and the arteries a portal vein portal venous system

and hepatic arterial system and these disturbances increase the pressure in the portal venous system

and increase in pressure in the portal vein lead to the development of varices

So, let us look at the anatomy of the esophageal varices in a little more detail.

So, here is the lower esophagus and let us look at it in magnification.

And as you can see here,

the venous anatomy, understanding the venous anatomy of the GE junction and lower esophageal segment of the esophagus is critical.

So you have, with portal hypertension, the adventitial veins become bigger, the perforator veins become bigger,

and the deep venous plexus inside the esophageal wall,

especially in the submucosa, become bigger, and they develop as varices.

The perforators are maximum closer to the GE junction.

Hence you see large varices developing at the GE junction.

And as you go up the esophagus from the distal esophagus to mid to proximal esophagus, the size of the veins become smaller.

learning this anatomy of especially the importance of the perforator veins the distribution of the perforator veins

and the density of the perforator veins closer to the

G -E junction is very important for endoscopists larger perforator veins

denser amount of perforator veins in the lower esophagus allows the

esophageal varices in the lower esophagus to become very big and

once the veins become very big they're at high risk for bleeding.

So here is large esophageal varices and as the veins become larger sometimes they become,

the wall becomes thinner

and you could see the blood in the vein as a red red whale spots

or red whale signs and these are signs of increased risk for bleeding.

These large esophageal varices with red whale signs can rupture

and cause vomiting of blood otherwise known as hematemesis

or the blood can go down the GI tract

and the patient can present with either melena that is dark black stool or

if there's a lot of bleeding at one time to the point of shock

they can even pass bright red blood per rectum otherwise known as hematochagia

and these setbacks could be prevented by using band ligation of the esophageal varices they prevent bleeding

they're also useful in treating active bleeding and prevent re -bleeding

so now let us learn about how do you set up a band ligator a band ligator set

there are several different types of band ligators for this example i'm going to use one

that we have been using routinely in our lab

And here is a band ligator.

This is the control handle.

And then you have a loading catheter.

And then you have a trip

wire with band ligators attached to the cap and an irrigation adapter.

so let us learn about band ligator first this is a control handle

and as you can see here there are two marks a two -way mark

and a firing mark

if the band ligator is in a two -way position it is allows us to set up the band ligator

because the band ligator can, the wheel can move in both clockwise and anticlockwise direction,

makes it favorable for setting up the band ligator,

and also allows us to introduce the endoscope because it doesn't make the tip stiff.

So that is having the band ligator in a two -wheel position

if you press the band ligator against the control handle on the the head against the control handle

it goes into firing position when it is in firing position it only moves in the clockwise direction

allows the bands to be deployed so so the key is when you want to set up the band ligator

keep the knob in a two -way position and this allows the loading of the device so

So I'm repeating it because it's very important to understand the concept of two -way position and firing position.

You take the handle and insert into the biopsy port.

And once you insert into the biopsy port, next you take in the irrigation adapter

and puncture the seal with the irrigation adapter and that allows you to insert the loading catheter into the channel easily.

So you push the loading catheter down the biopsy channel

and you push it until the loading catheter comes out of the endoscope.

And once it comes out,

you take the trigger card attached to the band ligator and attach it to the loading catheter.

And once you attach it, you remove the loading catheter and the trigger cord through the channel.

And once you have the trigger cord out, you load the trigger cord into the notch on the device

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and anchor the knot onto the groove and rotate the knob clockwise to wrap the trigger cord around the device.

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By this time, you could attach the panligator cap to the distal tip of the endoscope.

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One thing that is important is to make sure the trigger cord is not in the middle of the view.

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So you could rotate the cap to align the trigger cords to be in line with the biopsy channel

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so that is very important so as so that

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when you go down with the scope you have a beautiful view although view with the cap is limited

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so you have the endoscope with the cap

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and bands attached to the distal end and the band ligator handle is at the biopsy port.

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So before you introduce the scope,

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you want to keep the band ligator handle in the two -way position.

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This is very important.

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If you put it in the two -way position and you move your up -down knob, the tip of the scope will move easily

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because the trigger card can move forwards

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and backwards without restriction on the other hand

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if you try to do this thing in the firing position

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and want to introduce the endoscope first of all the scope becomes stiff

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and it is dangerous

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it is dangerous to insert the endoscope into the mouth with the band ligators set up in the firing position

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I've heard about cases where somebody accidentally put a band into the pharynx

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or into the vuvula because they introduced the band ligator into the mouth in the firing position

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so important step

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when as an endoscopy assistant gives the scope to the endoscopist

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keep the band ligator set up in the two -way position not in the firing position

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so once the endoscope endoscopist pushes the scope down the esophagus to the ge junction

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then he will put the band ligator in firing position before he fires the bands.

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So we have the scope and coming to the GE junction in firing position,

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the band ligator in firing position and you rotate in clockwise direction and the band gets released.

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And that's how bands are placed

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and it is important to start placing the bands as close to the G -junction as possible.

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I preferably start putting it at the Z -line or the squamous corner junction, at the G -junction, I should put it.

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And then I focus my next bands in the lower esophagus, in the lower...

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five centimeters.

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That's where most of the perforators are there, providing large amounts of blood supply and feeding those veins to form.

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There's no point in putting bands in the middle third or upper esophagus.

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So variceal banding, if you're planning to do to prevent bleeding after seeing large varices or varices with the Red Veil Science,

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the American Society for Liver Diseases, American Association for Liver Diseases,

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recommends banding at two to eight week interval until varices are completely obliterated.

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If a patient presents with bleeding and you control the bleeding with banding, then at one to four week interval,

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until the varices are completely obliterated.

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So what are the side effects of banding?

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It's important to share with the patient

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that they may have some chest discomfort for a few days and they may have some difficulty swallowing for a few days.

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Rarely bands can fall off prematurely and can cause bleeding.

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That is very rare.

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Patients who undergo band ligation are typically advised to be on liquids for the first day

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or so and recommended to take proton pump inhibitors also to allow the band ligation ulcers to heal faster.

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So we covered band ligation of varices

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and let us look at other applications of band ligation

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that is band ligation EMR in patients with Barrett's esophagus in this case

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you again you use a multiband ligator although you see in the image a single band

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and people may decide to put the band straight

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or some people may do a little bit of injection

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and then put a band followed by snare resection

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and extend the amount of resection that need to be done by applying more bands

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and repeating the steps band ligation can also be used for

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treating bleeding from different arterial sources either a Mallory Weiss tear bleed or

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dulofy ulcer bleed dulofy bleed

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or diverticular bleed these are these are these users have been reported in different cases

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but the approved indication is mostly for varicell banding

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so here is a band ligation of a diverticular bleeding

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so you go in you suck the diverticulum and place the band

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and the diverticulum gets inverted and the band catches on the bleeding vessel I hope this is useful thank you

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “HCC 1475-27 Band ligator” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: band, vein, ligator, bleeding, varices วิดีโอนี้มี 161 ประโยค และ 2053 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 18:24 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วสม่ำเสมอ ประมาณ 112 คำต่อนาที เหมาะกับการฝึกพูดตาม มีเพียง 74% ของคำที่อยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ คำศัพท์จึงค่อนข้างยาก

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
vein คำนาม	/veɪn/	หลอดเลือดดำ, เส้นเลือด
bleed คำกริยา	/ˈbliːd/	ตกเลือด
trigger คำนาม	/ˈtɹɪɡɚ/	ไก, ไกปืน
scope คำนาม	/skəʊp/	ขอบข่าย
cord คำนาม	/ˈkoɹd/	เชือก
attach คำกริยา	/əˈtæt͡ʃ/	ติด
anatomy คำนาม	/əˈnætəmi/	กายวิภาคศาสตร์
insert คำกริยา	/ɪnˈsɝt/	แทรก
introduce คำกริยา	/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/	แนะนำ
whale คำนาม	/ˈweɪl/	วาฬ, ปลาวาฬ
rotate คำกริยา	/ˈɹoʊ.teɪt/	หมุน, หัน
stiff คำคุณศัพท์	/stɪf/	แข็ง
interval คำนาม	/ˈɪntɚvəl/	ช่วง, ระยะ
artery คำนาม	/ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/	เส้นเลือดแดง, หลอดเลือดแดง
thin คำคุณศัพท์	/ˈθɪn/	บาง

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
fall off คำกริยา	หล่น, หลุด

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	been used · is used · is destroyed
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	has also been · have learned · I've heard

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 7 ครั้ง เช่น I'm, they're, doesn't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “th”: thin /ˈθɪn/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, catheter /ˈkæθɪtɚ/
เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: junction /ˈd͡ʒʌŋkʃən/, irrigation /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, indication /ɪndɪˈkeɪʃən/, injection /ɪnˈd͡ʒɛk.ʃən/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: anatomy /əˈnætəmi/, inferior /ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/, irrigation /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, superior /sʊˈpɪɹ.i.ɚ/, architecture /ˈɑː.kɪˌtɛk.t͡ʃə/

เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:

เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: attach /əˈtæt͡ʃ/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, whale /ˈweɪl/, stiff /stɪf/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/
/v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: vein /veɪn/, interval /ˈɪntɚvəl/, vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, dive /daɪv/, advise /ədˈvaɪz/
/z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: advise /ədˈvaɪz/, clockwise /ˈklɒkwaɪz/, anticlockwise /ˌæn.tɪˈklɑkˌwaɪz/, mucosa /mjuˈkoʊzə/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
พูดตามทีละประโยคด้วยความเร็วปกติ ทำซ้ำแต่ละประโยคจนจังหวะของคุณตรงกับผู้พูด
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง vein, bleed, trigger เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: HCC 1475-27 Band ligator

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