ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The ENTIRE History of ROME
เลือกโหมดฝึก
แต่ละโหมดจะเปิดห้องฝึกแบบเต็มจอ
548 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
Before the Roman Empire, there was the Roman Republic.
2
And before that was the Roman Kingdom.
3
And all of this actually didn't start in Rome.
4
It started in Alba Longa, an ancient city about 25 kilometers away from nowadays Rome.
5
There in the year 771 before Christ, the king of Alba Longa, Numitor, is chilling on his balcony enjoying his Latin Empire,
6
when his younger brother Amulius suddenly pushes him into early retirement.
7
At the same time, Amulius' followers also kill all of Numitor's suitable children to make sure he becomes the new rightful ruler.
8
Only Sylvia, Numitor's sole daughter survives the balcony party.
9
And to make sure she doesn't produce any new heirs, she gets assigned to fate worse than death.
10
She was forced to become a Vestal Virgin, a priestess forbidden from having children.
11
Well, haha, that solves that, Amelius thought to himself.
12
But then, Then a miracle happened.
13
Somehow Sylvia gets pregnant, even though she was supposed to be a virgin.
14
Now don't get your hopes up since it wasn't Jesus Christ just yet folks, but it was Rome's original founders, Romulus and Remus.
15
After a presumably very chaotic childbirth and a very awkward welcome baby gathering, it was time for the next family drama.
16
How did you get pregnant while being a virgin?
17
I was literally wrecked by the god of war Mars.
18
THE god of war?
19
Mars?
20
Yes.
21
That is the worst excuse I've ever heard.
22
It's not an excuse, it's literally the myth.
23
What?
24
But whether Amelius believed it or not, he now had a much bigger and cuter problem.
25
With the newborn twin boys around, his claim for the throne started to become wobbly, as there was a legitimate heir now.
26
Better call Saul.
27
And now the part I think everyone knows.
28
Eventually the basket of the two babies crashes into the river bank
29
and the twins roll into the cold wet sand that is rough and gets everywhere.
30
Well, this is it, said Romulus Doremus in a very manly and sexy voice.
31
Yes, brother, it was an honor sharing the same womb with you.
32
And just when they think they are about to die, a female wolf jumps from the bushes and sucks the - Okay, this is straight up becoming a bible story now.
33
Virgins giving birth, kings ordering to kill babies and the wolf feeding two twins?
34
What's next, the Tower of Babylon?
35
Well, chronically speaking, yes, but I get the hint.
36
This all is a myth, it might or might not have happened.
37
But it is crucial to the birth of Rome, which we are about to talk about actually, so why Why don't you shut your mouth,
38
sit down and enjoy the free entertainment? Who are you even?
39
Get out of here!
40
Anyway, after being raised by the wolf for an unknown time, the boys grow older and stronger.
41
Like, ABSURDLY strong.
42
Living on protein rich wolf milk apparently turns you into ancient Jojo characters.
43
So one day, while they are out flexing in the woods and doing whatever feral demigod teenagers do, a shepherd finds them, adopts the twins
44
and teaches them presumably how to speak since they were literal furries till then
45
and the twins grew up into two tall muscular troublemakers.
46
One day Romulus and Remus get into a fight with some thugs who work for guess who, King Amulius and during the brawl the twins learn the truth.
47
They are not random forest boys, they are the lost princess of Alba Longa, the rightful heirs that Amulius tried to river delete.
48
So naturally the boys decide to go on a bizarre adventure.
49
They march straight back to Alba Longa, Gather the locals, shout something dramatic like, please become a member of the YouTube channel historically.
50
And together with the people of the city, they overthrow uncle Aemilius and… reinstate their grandpa Numiter who apparently survived the fall?
51
Grandpa gets reinstated as a king and everyone is cheering, celebrating, throwing flowers etc. Everyone except Romulus and Remus because they started to like this whole army thing.
52
So they decided to build a city together a couple kilometers over.
53
Eventually, they find a great spot near the Tiber River.
54
Beautiful scenery, seven hills, perfect vantage points, a village of a blacksmith… all was going well.
55
But then, because this is Roman legend, disaster strikes.
56
They can't agree where to put the city.
57
We should put the city on Palatine Hill.
58
Uh no, Avantine Hill.
59
No my location is better.
60
No mine's better.
61
No. No. No. No. No. No. No, no, no, no, no. And suddenly the founding of the Roman Empire became a sibling argument that could have been solved with,
62
like, I don't know, a coin.
63
But no, this is ancient Italy, so instead they go, let's just ask the gods.
64
They hold a contest.
65
Whoever sees more birds wins divine approval.
66
Because why not?
67
Remus goes, I saw six birds.
68
Romulus then responded, cool, I saw 12.
69
You cheated!
70
The gods love me more bro!
71
They literally don't!
72
I hate you!
73
Romulus decides to just start building a tiny wall.
74
If his brother won't help him, he will just make the city himself.
75
And Remus, being a certified older brother menace, decides to clown on him.
76
Remus hops over the wall like it's nothing and goes, Oh no, Luke, I'm in your super secure city, brother!
77
What will you do?
78
Arrest me?
79
Hmmmm.
80
Haha, your city sucks!
81
What, you gonna found an empire on my corpse?
82
He did.
83
And this is the start of Rome.
84
Historically extra long facts, part 16.
85
So Romulus is now king, right?
86
But Rome at this point is basically a homeless camp.
87
To attract people, Romulus calls it an asylum city, and not the medical kind, the everyone who is on the run from something, come on in kind.
88
Which means suddenly Rome fills up with runaway slaves, debt dodgers, exiles, guys who stole goats,
89
guys who are goats, criminals and a couple lost tourists.
90
Romulus looks at his crowd and goes, perfect as city.
91
But there is a problem, a huge problem, because Rome has food, hills, walls, chaotic men, one king,
92
but exactly zero women to have children with.
93
This is an issue.
94
Oh you think?
95
Shut up.
96
So, Rome hosts a big festival and invites their neighbors, the Sabines, and tell them, come celebrate, bring the whole family, there will be snacks.
97
Let's be honest, no one can ignore such a great housewarming party.
98
So the Sabines show up, and everyone's vibing.
99
But then, mid -party, Romulus gives the signal, and the Romans just kidnap all the Sabine women.
100
Rome literally solved its gender imbalance with an 8th century BC Tinder kidnapping event.
101
Papa Mars would be proud.
102
The next morning, the Sabine men wake up with a hangover and are furious.
103
They attack Rome, obviously, and we get the first official Roman war.
104
Just… three years after the birth of the place.
105
Bravo!
106
The Sabine women walk out between the armies and yell, stop!
107
We don't want our new husbands killing our old families.
108
Stop being stupid!
109
Merge the kingdoms and continue your lives.
110
And they do.
111
Just like that, the Sabines and Romans became one people.
112
Which must have been awkward at the dinner table.
113
From here, Rome cycles through 6 more kings.
114
We still have over a thousand years of Roman history to cover, so I'll just speedrun us through this.
115
Timer please!
116
The first king is Romulus.
117
He creates the Senate, did all the crazy stuff we just went over, then disappears one day in a storm.
118
Romans say he ascended to heaven, though he probably just tripped and died.
119
Romulus was followed by the second king, a Sabine king who creates the Roman religion, builds temples, actually does not fight anyone for a while and dies peacefully.
120
The third king was basically the opposite of his predecessor and decided religion is cringe and fighting is so much cooler.
121
So he attacks and destroys Alba Longa, followed by absorbing their population.
122
He dies because he angered a god, supposedly.
123
So the fourth king, a half Sabine, half Roman person, takes power, brings back religion, yet expands Rome forcefully.
124
He also starts paving the way for his followers by building prisons, ports and bridges.
125
The next king kept the spirit going
126
and constructed the massive sewer system we still applaud Rome for to this day
127
and becomes insanely powerful so he gets assassinated by his political opponents.
128
And so did his successor who was abusing his power left and right.
129
Though he did build a wall, but it didn't stop the Mexicans.
130
Finally, the seventh king who was so incredibly sinister and cruel
131
that he was expelled from the city by the people of Rome.
132
And just to prevent any more idiotic kings from taking over, the Roman people turned the place from a kingdom to a republic.
133
And with that, we enter the era of the Roman Republic.
134
Yes, still not empire.
135
Which, in theory, means no more kings.
136
Ever.
137
We are done.
138
We have learned our lesson.
139
So, instead of one king, they elect two consuls.
140
We'll have the power of a king, but definitely aren't kings.
141
They rule at the same time and can veto each other to quote on quote keep each other in balance.
142
They also switch out each year.
143
I'm sure that will go well.
144
Let's see how well go - Oh my god it's all burning down.
145
Ever wondered how Rome became so militaristic?
146
It wasn't just because their first king's daddy was the god of war, it's actually because of what's happening right here in front of us.
147
Rome wasn't the only city they liked to plunder and kill, because the French in the ancient Gaul region wanted to do it before them.
148
And the Romans lost to them.
149
And not just a bit.
150
The Gauls enter Rome, loot it, burn most of it, sit around like it's a camping trip, and leave only after the Romans paid him a ransom in gold.
151
This event might as well be Rome's original story of their villain arc.
152
Never again can we be this humiliated, said the Rooms to each other.
153
So, they turn ultra, ultra militaristic.
154
Anything that isn't nailed to the ground is about to get conquered.
155
And, oh god, were they good at it.
156
They started with their Latin neighbors, then some hill tribes, then Greek colonies, then more tribes, then even more tribes.
157
Basically, if you lived near early Rome, you were about to receive a very polite invitation to join the Republic or be flattened by it.
158
But the real challenge comes from across the water in the south.
159
Carthage.
160
They have a massive navy, way too much money, a beautiful city and elephant.
161
You know, the kind of neighbor Rome absolutely can't tolerate.
162
So the two republics start fighting in what historians very casually call the Punic Wars.
163
Which is basically a trilogy movie about chaos.
164
In the first movie, Rome goes, you know what, we want that island.
165
Carthage responds by saying that you don't even have a navy to stop us.
166
And Rome responds by building a navy by stealing the design of the Carthaginian ships and win anyway.
167
1 -0 for Rome.
168
Then the second war starts.
169
And this is the big one.
170
Hannibal appears.
171
This man shows up with 50 ,000 troops, 37 elephants and the determination of many years of deep -rooted racism.
172
He gathers in Spain, marches his army over the alps which is insane even today and absolutely wrecks Rome for years.
173
Rome eventually wins because they are Rome, but yeah, Hannibal made them sweat.
174
That's 2 -0 for Rome.
175
Then the third war is basically Rome saying, Carthage still exists and that bothers us.
176
So they delete the whole city from the timeline.
177
Boom, gone, survivals of the fittest or whatever.
178
And just for good measure, so they won't fight again, they enslave the whole city.
179
And so, with their only real rival out of the way, Rome gets addicted to expansion like the British got to Opium.
180
They conquer Spain, North Africa, Greece, Turkey, and of course, the Gaul region.
181
Instead of going to therapy about what happened to them before, Rome literally conquered 10 % of humanity, enslaved another 2 %
182
and destroyed entire civilizations just to make sure they were strong
183
enough to have revenge against the Gauls for what they did 330 years before.
184
And the man who gets to deal the final blow to these Frenchies is Julius Caesar.
185
Caesar is basically the final boss of the Roman Republic.
186
He marches into Gaul with a relatively small army and proceeds to absolutely dismantle the place.
187
And by dismantle I mean defeat tribe after tribe, conquer all of France, dip into Belgium,
188
flirt with Germany and then casually invade Britain just to see what they taste like.
189
He comes back to Rome so powerful that the Senate becomes afraid of him.
190
So they order him to come to Rome alone and to leave his army behind.
191
He naturally refuses and starts marching to the capital anyway.
192
The Senate panics and flee as Caesar enters the city with little to no resistance.
193
But that doesn't mean Rome was his just yet.
194
He still had to defeat the disputed leader and his allies before he can legally become, I don't know, the first dictator Rome has seen in 500 years?
195
He fights all across the continent.
196
Boinks Cleopatra on the way because why not?
197
And after four years finally gains control of the republic.
198
Half the senate likes him, the other half wants to kill him by stabbing him 23 times.
199
But is that hate justified?
200
Well, kind of.
201
But also absolutely not.
202
Caesar wasn't a straight up evil guy most people portray him as today.
203
He was actually doing a lot of stuff that regular Romans loved.
204
He fixed the chaotic calendar so months actually made sense.
205
And it's why we now have 365 days.
206
July is literally named after him, so you're welcome.
207
He lowered taxes, canceled debts, expanded citizenship, rebuilt half the city, gave lands to veterans of war, regulated grain supply so poor people didn't starve
208
and tried to keep the army under control so rogue generals wouldn't create another civil war.
209
But, and this is the but the senate couldn't ignore, Caesar was also absorbing every political office he possibly could.
210
A dictator?
211
Yup.
212
Consul?
213
Sure.
214
Pontifex Maximus aka the head priest?
215
Why not?
216
Basically the man was collecting powers like they were Pokemon cards.
217
And the Sanad, who spent 500 years being paranoid about kings, looked at this and went, oh god he's becoming a king!
218
So they decide to save the republic by doing the most republic destroying thing possible.
219
They murder him in the middle of a sanad meeting.
220
And this This might have been the dumbest thing they could have possibly done.
221
Because tiny problem, everyone liked Caesar except the senators.
222
The liberators walk out of the senate like, we did it guys, we saved the republic.
223
While the roman people are more like, you killed the guy who lowered our taxes and gave us free grain?
224
Let's just hope this somehow doesn't escalate.
225
Look how they massacred my boy!
226
This is Mark Anthony, Caesar's bestie who is apparently really upset that his friend is dead.
227
But don't let it fool you, in reality he really just enjoys power, and is about to usurp that power all to himself.
228
Not on my watch, says Octavius, the adopted 18 year old grand nephew of Caesar.
229
Octavius might look like an adorable baby boy, way, but in reality he is a cunning war criminal.
230
Marc Anthony, Octavius and some random other guy that doesn't matter become the new united leaders of Rome, but in reality it's more like Marc Anthony and Octavius trying to become the sole leader.
231
Luc has it for Octavius that Marc is a massive simp.
232
And he too, just like Caesar, gets seduced by Cleopatra.
233
So Marc leaves for Egypt, showers her in gifts, and Octavius sees this as the perfect opportunity to depose his rival.
234
Look, he's only spending his time in Egypt with his E -girl.
235
And guess what?
236
He is definitely planning to move the capital from Rome to Alexandria.
237
We should depose of him.
238
It was a blatant lie, but the Romans believed it.
239
They attack Egypt, defeat the Egyptians, and the love couple takes the easy way out to avoid being humiliated in Rome.
240
That leaves Octavius as the sole ruler.
241
He blatantly steals the plot of the good Star Wars movies, because he declares himself first citizen, or Imperator and usurps all the power to himself.
242
Finally, by the Senate or whatever is left of it after a campaign of revenge
243
and bloodshed for what a few of them did to Caesar, he is named Augustus, which means all kinds of fancy things.
244
And since this day, in the year 27 before Christ, yes all of this happened before the man himself even spawned in, the Roman Empire is officially born!
245
Or wait, I mean Empire is officially born!
246
Man, I'm getting hungry.
247
We're at the halfway point now, so best to take a short break.
248
Do you want pizza?
249
No, like literally, I have 500 dollars worth of Domino's pizza coats to give away thanks to the sponsor of this video, FreeCash .com.
250
FreeCash is a free platform where you can earn real money by playing mobile games, answering surveys and completing simple offers.
251
You just pick an offer, I usually choose games because you're literally getting paid to play.
252
You download it, play for a bit, and as soon as you hit the goals, the money shows up right here.
253
If you sign up using my link or QR code, you will get a $10 bonus when you start your first offer.
254
The more offers you complete, the more rewards you unlock.
255
So it usually stacks over time.
256
And just like you can complete tasks for cash, here's a task for you to be eligible to win free pizza.
257
Freecash .com is giving away 10 times $50 worth of Domino's Pizza, and all you gotta do to be eligible to win is sign up using the link below.
258
And that's it.
259
It is only for US based viewers though
260
and additionally you have 30 days from
261
when this video goes live to enter the giveaway
262
and 10 days after the deadline I will announce the hungry winners with a community post.
263
So make sure to press the bell button as well.
264
Thanks again to Freecash .com for feeding the needy and sponsoring this video.
265
All roads lead to Rome.
266
Which is actually true, unless you live in any of these continents.
267
But why do they lead to Rome?
268
Well that is
269
because Rome in its empire phase started to learn how to
270
stabilize instead of endlessly expanding like for example the Mongols used to do.
271
That is also why their empire fell apart so quickly while Rome managed to survive way longer.
272
Anyway, eyes on me please as we continue our story as we enter Rome's golden age.
273
Rome has become very quickly a fully centralized empire.
274
And Augustus, the first emperor, is the reason it doesn't immediately collapse again.
275
The key thing to understand about Augustus is that he is not trying to be impressive.
276
He is trying to be permanent.
277
And because of that, he might be the single greatest emperor to ever exist.
278
He knows exactly why the Republic failed.
279
It wasn't because Rome lacked laws or values or tradition.
280
It failed because the army stopped belonging to the state and started belonging to individual men.
281
Every civil war, from Marius to Sulla to Caesar, followed the same pattern.
282
Soldiers fought for generals, not for Rome.
283
So Augustus fixes that first.
284
He turns the Roman army into a professional standing force.
285
No more temporary legions raised for single wars.
286
Soldiers now enlist for roughly 20 years.
287
They receive regular pay from the state, standardized equipment and a guarantee retirement package.
288
Land grants come from the government, not from a general promising rewards if his rebellion succeeds.
289
This one change alone, removes the main fuel for a civil war.
290
Augustus also limits how much military power any single governor can control.
291
Provinces with large armies are separated from provinces with large wealth.
292
No one gets both.
293
Generals are rotated, commands are time limited, and loyalty flows upwards, not sideways.
294
Rome now maintains around 25 to 30 legions.
295
Roughly 150 ,000 professional roman soldiers.
296
Backed by at least as many auxiliary troops.
297
Permanently stationed across the empire.
298
This is expensive, but it gives rom something it never really had before.
299
A standby response unit.
300
On top of that, Augustus changes Roman war strategy.
301
Instead of endless expansion, Rome now focuses on securing the borders.
302
Spain is fully pacified after decades of resistance.
303
The Alps are conquered to eliminate raiding routes into Italy.
304
In the Balkans, rebellions are crushed and the Danube becomes a hardened frontier.
305
In the east, Augustus avoids full -scale war with Partia.
306
He uses diplomacy and pressure to recover Roman standards lost in earlier defeats.
307
He presents this as victory to the public, even though no major war was fought.
308
It shows how the emperor really tries to keep the empire alive, but that doesn't mean the wars stop.
309
Along the Rhine and Danube, Roman legions are constantly active.
310
Forts are built every few kilometers.
311
Roads connect them so troops can move quickly.
312
These regions were anything but peaceful, and because of that, it actually had soldiers living there permanently.
313
In 9 AD, three Roman legions march into Germania under the general Varus.
314
They are ambushed by Germanic forces led by Arminius, a former Roman ally trained in Roman warfare.
315
The legions are wiped out almost completely in the Toytoberg forest.
316
Mind you, that is 20 ,000 professional soldiers dead just like that.
317
How could a general fumble so badly?
318
Well, let's take a look at the traitor, Arminius.
319
Arminius knows Rome better than most Romans do.
320
He grew up around them, served in their army, earned their trust, and learned exactly how legions move, fight, and think.
321
He knows their discipline, he knows their confidence, and most importantly, he knows their biggest weakness.
322
Romans assume everyone wants to become Roman.
323
But back home, where Arminius is from, Germania, Roman rule doesn't feel like order, it feels more like suffocation.
324
Roman courts replace local customs, Roman law overrides tribal authority, taxes are imposed, obedience is expected.
325
What Rome calls civilization, Arminius sees as the slow erasure of everything his people are.
326
To him, Germania isn't being conquered by the sword anymore, it's being absorbed quietly, permanently.
327
And Arminius understands that once Rome finishes that process, resistance will be impossible.
328
So he decides this is the moment.
329
He doesn't rebel openly, that would fail immediately.
330
Instead, he stays loyal on the surface.
331
To Varus, Arminius is the perfect Roman ally.
332
Calm, cooperative, warning him about small uprisings that supposedly need to be dealt with, he convinces Varus that Germania is already under control,
333
that this whole operation is just going to be a routine clean up.
334
Varus believes him.
335
The legions move as if they are on administrative duty, not a military campaign.
336
They march stretched out, hauling wagons, supplies and even civilians through terrain they don't understand.
337
Forests close in, roads disappear, rain turns the paths into mud.
338
This is no place for Roman formations and Arminius knows it.
339
Then the attacks begin.
340
Not a battle, a slaughter.
341
Germanic fighters strike from the forest, disappear when the Romans try to respond and then strike again.
342
Harder.
343
Because the legions are strung out for kilometers in narrow terrain, units can't form up and orders don't travel.
344
Roman discipline still exists, but there is nothing to apply it to.
345
Rome is used to fighting on open ground.
346
One army facing another.
347
But not Konga lining through the dense forests while being dismantled piece by piece.
348
Varus hears reports of attacks but doesn't react decisively.
349
He hesitates, assuming it's just minor banditry causing delays.
350
He keeps pushing forward, believing the situation can still be managed, but it can't.
351
Over several days, the army collapses.
352
Units are isolated, officers are killed.
353
By the time Varus realizes this isn't unrest but a full betrayal, there is no army left to save.
354
More than 20 ,000 career soldiers are dead because of his blindness.
355
Varus takes his own life rather than return to Rome as
356
the man who lost three legions without ever fighting a proper battle.
357
The Germanic tribes, Rome's barbarians, slip out of Roman control thanks almost entirely to Arminius.
358
The legions number 17, 18 and 19 are never used again, forever locked away with Rome's unresolved traumas.
359
More importantly, because of this, Roman policy changes permanently.
360
Augustus abandons the idea of conquering Germania.
361
The Rhine becomes the frontier.
362
Rome stops pushing outward and commits fully to defense.
363
This decision defines the Empire's borders for centuries.
364
It was time for solidifying ground and making sure no silly little man would start a world religion.
365
Spoilers.
366
When Augustus dies in 14 AD, he leaves behind something unprecedented.
367
A Roman state that is stable, defensible and no longer tearing itself apart.
368
His actions single -handedly were the foundation of the golden age.
369
Now, before we continue with emperors and wars, it's worth stopping for a moment and looking at what living in the peak of Rome's golden era was really like.
370
For the average Roman citizen living inside the empire, especially in Italy or a major province, life is structured in a way that is rare for the ancient world.
371
Cities have paved roads, stone building aqueducts, public baths, markets, courts and written laws.
372
Grain distributions keep large populations fed.
373
Trade moves freely across thousands of kilometers.
374
Most people are not wealthy, many live modestly, and slavery is widespread and brutal.
375
But there is stability.
376
If you are inside the empire, you live within a system that absorbs shocks.
377
Famine, crime and violence exist, but there is an administration to respond to them.
378
Now, compare all of that to the average person outside of the empire, often labeled a barbarian by Roman writers.
379
Most of these societies are rural and decentralized.
380
Political authority depends on the person.
381
There are no standing armies, no long distance infrastructure networks, no permanent bureaucracies.
382
Life is harder, but more flexible.
383
Taxes are lower, but protection is limited.
384
When something goes terribly wrong, there are no larger systems to intervene.
385
See, this contrast matters.
386
Because for centuries, Rome doesn't just defeat and fight these peoples, it also attracts them.
387
Roman service offers pay.
388
Roman cities offer security.
389
Roman citizenship offers legal rights.
390
Many people outside of the empire don't want to destroy Rome, they want access to what it provides.
391
And that will matter later.
392
For now, it's time for the next emperor to take power.
393
Spin the wheel of misfortune!
394
Wait, good?
395
Oh, this thing is definitely rigged.
396
Meet the adopted son of Augustus, Emperor Tiberius.
397
He's a capable guy, an experienced guy, but most interestingly, an extremely introverted guy who is deeply suspicious of literally everyone and hates being in public.
398
From the day he took the role as emperor, which he essentially got forced into by Augustus, he didn't do anything too radical.
399
He simply kept himself secluded to the point he abandons living in Rome and moves to the island of Capri, where he reigned the empire from there.
400
That was a little bit of a mistake, since there was no one in Rome anymore to enforce orders directly, though it did come in handy for the Praetorian Guard,
401
who were originally created by Augustus as an elite protective unit.
402
These soldiers are heavily armed, permanently stationed in Rome and loyal not to the state, but to the emperor personally.
403
Problem is, with Emperor Tiberius living on an island, the Praetorian Guard commander becomes one of the most powerful men in the city.
404
He controls access to the emperor, filters information and increasingly influences decisions.
405
Behind the curtains of Rome, power is no longer flowing through institutions and the senate is always seen as a joke.
406
The never ending corruption has begun.
407
Meanwhile in the far province of Judea, a local religious figure named Jesus of Nazareth is arrested by local authorities and handed over to the roman administration.
408
He is executed for causing unrest and refusing to acknowledge Roman authority in the way expected of him.
409
The execution is routine and crucifixion is standard Roman punishment.
410
As far as the empire is concerned, this all is a minor provincial matter.
411
Barely even worth recording and Rome moves on.
412
When Emperor Tiberius eventually dies in 37 AD, the balance of power inside Rome was already distorted.
413
The Praetorian guard actively starts playing a key role in ensuring the next emperor supports their wishes and desires.
414
They choose Caligula, a great grandson of Emperor Augustus.
415
At first he does what they expect him to do, but long story short, because I don't want to cover all, what, 90 emperors Rome had in full detail,
416
Emperor Caligula gets a bit too cocky.
417
So, the Praetorian guard simply kills the emperor, and on the spot immediately select a replacement themselves.
418
They find Caligula's uncle Claudius and declare him the new emperor.
419
Needless to say, Rome has now crossed yet another line.
420
The Emperor is no longer chosen by tradition, legitimacy or public consensus.
421
He is chosen by the soldiers standing closest to him.
422
Emperor Claudius turns out to be more competent than expected since he expands the Empire, strengthens administration and keeps the system functioning.
423
But the precedent remains.
424
Everyone now understands that the Praetorian Guard is not just a protective force.
425
It's the ruling force.
426
After Claudius, power passes to Augustus' great -great -grandson, Nero.
427
Nero is obsessed with personal image and is careless about his power.
428
He is basically the complete opposite of the legendary first emperor.
429
He caused rebellions, a financial collapse and half of Rome burned down during his reign.
430
The senate and the army lose confidence in him and those who actually matter if they support you or not, the Praetorian guard, also ended up giving up their support.
431
Which basically means your time is up.
432
Nero flees Rome and as it's clear he is going to get arrested and executed, he takes his own life.
433
And with Nero's passing in the year 68, we not only end the Julius Caesar dynasty reign, but also end in the very chaotic year of 69.
434
Also known as the year of the four emperors.
435
Four men claim and sit on the throne in a single year.
436
Not because they are great leaders, but because different armies across the empire back different candidates.
437
One emperor gets murdered, another one gets overthrown, another rules for a few months.
438
Civil war breaks out across the entire empire.
439
Legions that were supposed to defend borders are now actively marching on each other.
440
Eventually, one man wins.
441
Vespasian.
442
Not because he is charismatic, not because he is loved, but because he has the strongest army.
443
He restores order, mostly by force, and hands the empire to his sons afterwards.
444
So yay, Rome survives!
445
But now everyone yet again knows the truth about emperor legitimacy.
446
Because if you control the army, you control Rome, no matter how bad of a leader you are.
447
Naturally, for the next century, emperors rise and drop dead like flies every other weak.
448
It is extremely chaotic and not that interesting because it just comes down to this emperor bad, he gets killed, this emperor a bit better,
449
but the Praetorian guard don't like him, so he is also killed, etc etc etc. So just to summarize the next century, here are a couple highlights.
450
In the year 117, under emperor Traian, the Roman Empire reaches its historical peak, with the capture of what is nowadays Romania, Jordan and Armenia.
451
In 193 AD, the Praetorian guard, who are yes still in power even 200 years later, literally sell the title of emperor to the highest bidder.
452
Emperor Julianus ended up reigning for just 66 days until he got executed in the palace by another general, aka the next emperor.
453
And in the beginning of the third century, Christianity started to spread like crazy.
454
And that was annoying for the Roman elite.
455
Christians refused to worship Roman gods and instead worshiped, well, the Christian god.
456
But that wasn't the only crisis they faced.
457
The whole third century was hell for the Roman Empire.
458
Emperors went from switching monthly to weekly.
459
And most die violently.
460
The empire nearly fractures into separate states.
461
Germanic invasions hit the west while Persian armies press from the east.
462
Meanwhile massive plagues tear through cities and hyperinflation destroys the economy me.
463
Sounds like 2020 all over again.
464
I can't make it clear enough.
465
It was a chaotic mess.
466
And eventually, one emperor accepts the obvious.
467
The empire is just too big, too unstable, too complex to be ruled the old way.
468
So he makes a radical change.
469
He chops the empire into pieces.
470
He creates the Tetrarchy.
471
The rule of four.
472
Two senior emperors, two juniors.
473
And on top of that, Emperors now live in border cities to be close to the action, and Rome literally gets abandoned just like that.
474
It's still there, but the power of the empire is now at the front, among four of them.
475
After that genius emperor retires to grow cabbages, yes he really did, the rule of four turns into a battle royale.
476
Who would have guessed?
477
The winner is Constantine.
478
He somehow reunites the empire, but he doesn't move back into the old Roman office.
479
He's seen the future, and the future was in the east.
480
In 330 AD he builds Constantinople.
481
It's built on a massive choke point between Europe and Asia.
482
It's richer than Rome, easier to defend and crucially, it's built as a Christian city.
483
No more old school pagan garbage.
484
Christianity is now the legalized new cool thing.
485
Though the empire is whole, in reality the split into east and west had already settled in.
486
All the rich and intellectual people followed the emperor to the Greek speaking world, while in Rome the Latin speaking folks were left behind as a ghost province.
487
And I know this is a bit of a hot take, but at this point the Byzantine Empire is real.
488
Some people like to call it the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Empire, but that's lame.
489
They don't even speak Latin like the westerners or live anywhere close to Rome.
490
You know, the Roman Empire.
491
The Eastern Roman part of the empire, at this point in history, evolved into the Byzantine Empire.
492
And that is O 'Hill I'm willing to die on, you can sue me in the comment section.
493
Anyway, if you don't think that is when the Byzantine Empire started, this moment might have.
494
Because the split between East and West became finalized when an emperor, who died in 395 AD, split this empire between his two sons.
495
Classic mistake.
496
And both administrations immediately ceased working together.
497
Rome is officially no longer Rome.
498
By the early 5th century, the non -Byzantine aka Western Roman Empire is laughably weak, and often ruled by foreign kings.
499
It was time to put it out of its misery.
500
It was time for the final blow.
501
And yeah, if you're watching this video with your political uncle who has no filter, you might want to click off now,
502
because he is most likely going to quote what happens now each thanksgiving dinner till there is no tomorrow.
503
You ready?
504
The blow that ended the Roman Empire once and for all was uncontrolled immigration.
505
Introducing the last villains for today.
506
The Huns.
507
They exploded out of the Eurasian steppe in the late 4th century
508
and they were so dangerous that they single handedly caused mass migrations towards Europe.
509
When the Huns smash into the Goths north of the Danube, the Goths very intellectually decide to not stand still and die, so they run.
510
And where do they run?
511
Across the Roman border.
512
Tens of thousands of Goths show up at the Danube asking for asylum.
513
Rome lets them in.
514
On paper, this is manageable, but in reality, corrupt Roman officials starve and exploit them so badly that the Goths revolt.
515
As a direct result, two years later, a Roman army is destroyed and the emperor is killed on the battlefield by the hands of them.
516
That moment is important because after the events of Adrianople, everyone learned something Rome never wanted to teach.
517
If you bring a whole nation into your borders and you can't control them, you are not Not integrating them, you are just importing your future civil war.
518
So the western roman empire starts doing what it will keep doing until it dies.
519
Making deals with armed groups it can't defeat.
520
Here's some land, please just stop burning us.
521
It calms them for a bit, but greed can never be satisfied.
522
And no, it doesn't stop with the goths.
523
Once the border breaks psychologically, the chain reaction begins.
524
More groups move.
525
Some are fleeing the hunts, some are just following opportunity.
526
The Vandals go on a rampage across the west and eventually take North Africa, which is catastrophic.
527
Because North Africa is where the west gets grain and money.
528
Lose Africa, lose taxes.
529
Lose taxes, lose soldiers.
530
Lose soldiers, yeah good luck.
531
In 410, the Visigoths return from last video and sack Rome.
532
Not because Rome is militarily important, but because it's really funny.
533
Then, once the Huns are defeated, Rome the city gets sacked again in 455 because why not?
534
And by 476, when the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, who has literally the most ironic name for this moment,
535
since he is both named Romulus, the name of the founder of Rome, and Augustulus, named after the first emperor.
536
Anyway, yeah, he basically got politely asked by his Germanic commander to stop being emperor, and then the Roman Empire is dead.
537
Yeah, sorry guys, no epic final battle or anything, just emperor fatigue.
538
Now, to be realistic about the Eastern and Western Roman divide, the term Byzantine is made up by modern historians.
539
So if you asked everyone back then if the Roman Empire is really dead, they would probably say, no dumbass, it's right there.
540
But this video is long enough already and my pizza is getting cold.
541
If you really want to know what happened to them, them, the Eastern Roman Byzantines survived for a whopping thousand additional years and fought like crazy to survive.
542
They slowly lost more and more territory to Persians, Arabs, Crusaders and finally to the fearsome Ottomans.
543
Till only the city of Constantinople remained.
544
In 1453 the city falls, gets turned from Christian to Muslim and with it, the last state that still calls itself Roman fail.
545
Yes, I just skipped a thousand years of interesting things, but I will make a Byzantine Empire video one day to explain it all in more detail.
546
So subscribe, become a member and don't forget that if you want pizza and make money by doing simple tasks, check out the link in the description.
547
I really hope you enjoyed the long video and we will see you in the next one.
548
Bye bye.
ดาวน์โหลดแอป
ทุกอย่างที่ต้องใช้เพื่อพูดได้คล่อง
AI ให้คะแนนการออกเสียงให้คะแนนทุกประโยค
ฝึก IPAเชี่ยวชาญทุกเสียง
คำศัพท์สร้างคลังคำของคุณ
เกมคำศัพท์เล่นไปเรียนไป
ช่องเดียวกัน
C12
The Rise and Fall of Wu Zetian
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B28
The Jesus Problem
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B29
HEISENBERG: The Dumber Oppenheimer
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B235
The God of Horror
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B24
The Dumbest Heist in History
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B28
Meet WW2's Villains
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B23
The Longest War EVER
University Students
![My Favorite Greek Myths [No AI]](https://img.youtube.com/vi/0YzfXACnnuc/mqdefault.jpg)
B2My Favorite Greek Myths [No AI]
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
FOR YOU
วิดีโอแนะนำ
B22
176 ประโยค
The ENTIRE History of ROME in 12 Minutes
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
B22
50 ประโยค
Queen Jane’s Pregnancy Softens King Henry’s Heart. #foryou #tvshow#usa #film #youtube #thetudors
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
46 ประโยค
The Horse and the Infant
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
100 ประโยค
Empire of Brazil - Runaway Monarch - South American History - Extra History - Part 1
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
149 ประโยค
The GOAT of Holiday Animals | Scandinavian History | Extra History
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
92 ประโยค
Russell Crowe Faces the Vatican’s Dark Side | THE POPE'S EXORCIST
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
185 ประโยค
Why Pornography Is Basically Modern Mythology
University StudentsWorking Adults
C11
162 ประโยค
Why Attacking a Sleeping Roman Army Was a Death Trap
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
124 ประโยค
The Royal Family Runs on Rules You've Never Heard Of
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
618 ประโยค
history of the entire world, i guess
University StudentsWorking Adults
C11
327 ประโยค
Language Review: Romanian
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
234 ประโยค
Historical Myths That Turned Out To Be Real
University StudentsWorking Adults
บริบทและพื้นฐาน
ในการสนทนาเกี่ยวกับประวัติศาสตร์ของกรุงโรม เราจะพบเรื่องราวที่สลับซับซ้อนซึ่งเริ่มต้นจากอัลบา ลองก้า เมืองโบราณที่อยู่ห่างจากกรุงโรมในปัจจุบัน ประมาณ 25 กิโลเมตร การพูดคุยในวิดีโอนี้ไม่เพียงแต่มีการเล่าประวัติศาสตร์เท่านั้น แต่ยังเต็มไปด้วยปฏิสัมพันธ์และตัวละครที่น่าสนใจ ซึ่งสามารถช่วยให้ผู้เรียนได้ฝึกภาษาอังกฤษผ่านการฟังและพูดตามแบบได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
5 วลีสำคัญสำหรับการสื่อสารในชีวิตประจำวัน
- How did you get pregnant while being a virgin? - คุณตั้งท้องได้อย่างไรในขณะที่เป็นสาวบริสุทธิ์?
- It's literally the myth. - มันเป็นตำนานที่แท้จริง
- Well, this is it. - นี่แหละคือเรื่องราว
- They are not random forest boys. - พวกเขาไม่ใช่เด็กในป่าที่สุ่ม
- Please become a member. - กรุณาเป็นสมาชิกด้วย
คู่มือการพูดตามทีละขั้นตอน
การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอเป็นวิธีการที่มีประสิทธิภาพมาก โดยเฉพาะกับเนื้อหาที่มีการสนทนาแบบนี้ นี่คือขั้นตอนที่คุณสามารถนำไปใช้ได้:
- เริ่มต้นด้วยการฟังวิดีโออย่างตั้งใจ โดยไม่ต้องสนใจการพูดตามก่อน เพื่อให้คุณได้เข้าใจบริบทและอารมณ์ของการสนทนา
- ฟังอีกครั้ง และหยุดที่แต่ละวลีที่สำคัญ จากนั้นพยายามพูดตามเสียงของผู้พูด หากคุณมีความยากลำบาก ลองใช้ shadowspeak เพื่อช่วยให้คุณพัฒนาทักษะการออกเสียง
- บันทึกเสียงของคุณขณะพูดตาม เพื่อเปรียบเทียบกับเสียงต้นฉบับ ซึ่งจะช่วยให้คุณได้ยินการเปลี่ยนแปลงในสำเนียงและจังหวะ
- ฝึกพูดซ้ำหลาย ๆ ครั้งจนกว่าคุณจะรู้สึกมั่นใจในการออกเสียงและการใช้วลีที่เรียนรู้
- ทำการฝึกพูดอย่างสม่ำเสมอโดยการใช้ shadow speech ในบทสนทนาหรือวิดีโอต่อไป เพื่อขยายทักษะการสื่อสารของคุณ
การเรียนภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอไม่เพียงแต่ทำให้การเรียนรู้มีชีวิตชีวา แต่ยังช่วยให้คุณพัฒนาทักษะการพูดได้อย่างแท้จริง นี่คือการฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษที่คุณไม่ควรพลาด!
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| ประโยคเงื่อนไข if + อนุประโยค, will/would + กริยา — เงื่อนไขและผลลัพธ์ | If his brother won't help |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | was forced · being raised · have been solved |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | everyone who is · guys who stole · guys who are |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | I've ever heard · have learned · has seen |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ