Shadowing Practice: Rock Cycle | Igneous | Metamorphic | Sedimentary Rock - Learn English Speaking with Video
Bir pratik modu seçin
Her mod tam ekran bir pratik odası açar.
115 cümleler
Cümleler çok kısa veya çok uzun ise, ayarlamak için Düzenle'ye tıklayın.
1
Rocks are all around us, and every rock you see used to be different.
2
Over time rocks change.
3
They break down, wear away, or even mount, but never disappear.
4
How do rocks transform from this to this?
5
Let's find out together in this episode all about the rock cycle.
6
There are three types of rock found on Earth.
7
Metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rock.
8
We can classify each type of rock by how it was formed.
9
Sometimes rocks form quickly, like when an erupting volcano spews molten rock into the air.
10
And sometimes they change slowly, like when a rock is heated and compressed below
11
Earth's surface for thousands or even millions of years.
12
When you're looking at a rock, you're looking at history.
13
Rocks may all seem the same at first, but they're all different and complex.
14
The rock cycle shows how each type is formed in a different way, or how Earth's materials, driven by energy flow, change over time through melting,
15
crystallization, weathering, erosion, and deformation.
16
Within the Earth's crust and beneath the surface is molten rock
17
or magma that can cool and solidify and turn into igneous rock.
18
Let's take a look at Earth's layers to help us understand how this is possible.
19
The Earth is made up of several layers that go all the way down to its core.
20
The top layer of the Earth is slowly moving and shifting and is called the lithosphere.
21
This layer consists of the Earth's crust and part of the upper mantle and makes up the tectonic plates, sometimes called lithospheric plates.
22
These tectonic plates are being pushed together, pulled apart, or sliding past each other along surface faults.
23
These movements are what create mountain ranges, seafloor trenches, and volcanoes.
24
On the west coast of the United States, two plates are converging.
25
The Pacific Plate is going underneath the North American Plate and begins to melt as it moves farther and farther down,
26
eventually forming Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens, which are active volcanoes.
27
Old Oceanic Crust is constantly being recycled in the subduction zones.
28
This is where Oceanic Crust, being more dense, is subducted or sinks below the continental crust where it melts and is recycled into the mantle.
29
Volcanoes like this are a great place to find molten rock and igneous rock.
30
You can see this action modeled here.
31
At the bottom of this beaker, I have wax to represent magma under the crust.
32
A layer of sand is resting on top to represent a thin layer of oceanic crust.
33
As the magma rises, it cools and solidifies.
34
When magma comes to the surface, it makes brand new rocks.
35
Any new rock that has changed from molten to solid is an igneous rock.
36
Igneous rocks make up about 90 % of Earth's crust, though you may not notice because they are covered up by other rocks, soil, or ocean.
37
One common kind of igneous rock is granite.
38
Behind me is enchanted rock.
39
A massive 425 5 foot high, 1 .1 billion year old pink granite dome.
40
Here is an exfoliated piece for us to get a closer look.
41
Another type of igneous rock is this obsidian, which is smooth and glassy.
42
Both of these rocks were made of molten rock, so why do they look so different?
43
Depending on whether magma cools above or below
44
Earth's surface will determine the type of igneous rock that is formed.
45
When magma cools and solidifies beneath
46
Earth's surface, it forms intrusive igneous rock.
47
This granite is intrusive igneous rock.
48
It has only been exposed by erosion or the removal of the surrounding rock.
49
Intrusive rocks like this cool slowly so they have more time for larger mineral crystals to form,
50
which is why granite looks coarse -grained and we can see the crystals even without a microscope.
51
When magma erupts to the surface, we call it lava.
52
After lava cools and solidifies, it becomes extrusive igneous rock.
53
This obsidian is volcanic glass formed when lava cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth.
54
If you're still here liking this video, let us know
55
And hit that subscribe button so you never miss an episode.
56
Once an igneous rock like granite is created, its journey isn't over.
57
The rock begins to change through a process called weathering.
58
Weathering wears away at exposed surfaces over time.
59
It's the breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces or sediments.
60
Brushing water in rivers can wear down sharp edges on rocks over time.
61
High temperatures cause rock to expand, and falling temperatures cause rock to contract.
62
As this cycle happens over and over again, the structure of the rock weakens.
63
Eventually, the outer layers flake off in thin sheets, a process called exfoliation.
64
That's what is happening here.
65
You can see the curved cracks in peeling sheets.
66
Looks a bit like a giant rock onion.
67
All this sediment can be moved around or eroded by wind and water.
68
Eventually, it will be deposited somewhere, joining sediment from other rocks at the bottom of a riverbed, lake, or ocean.
69
Under the right circumstances, sediments can form into sedimentary rock.
70
All the material in this sandstone once belonged to other rocks.
71
These sedimentary rocks behind me were formed over 250 million years through the deposition of sediments in ancient seas and rivers,
72
creating layers of red shale, sandstone, and gypsum.
73
Rocks like these are formed when sediments undergo lithification.
74
Before lithification can occur, we need sediments.
75
So I'm going to create some candy sediments.
76
This is taking a long time, so let's speed it up.
77
That's better.
78
The first step to lithification is called deposition.
79
This is when sediment is deposited in a new location and it spreads out to form a layer.
80
As more and more layers are created, the layers underneath them become pressed together.
81
This is called compaction.
82
Minerals settle between the sediment particles which makes everything stick together.
83
This is called cementation, like cement.
84
This is now our candy sedimentary rock.
85
You can see the layers we started with the white and ended with the green.
86
With enough heat or pressure, a metamorphic rock can be formed from any other type of rock,
87
igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks.
88
All of the minerals in the original rock recrystallize without having to melt down back into molten rock.
89
The new metamorphic rocks are typically harder, more compact, and more resistant to weathering.
90
Metamorphic means it's changed.
91
We can create metamorphic rock with our sedimentary candy rock by adding heat and pressure.
92
First, I'm going to use an old hairdryer to heat things up.
93
Now, squishing action.
94
Pressure!
95
Squish!
96
Pressure!
97
Our sedimentary rock is now a metamorphic rock.
98
These pink rock islands jutting up through the limestone are metamorphic rocks called valley spring gneiss.
99
Intense heat and pressure applied to the original rocks over millions of years formed gneiss.
100
The original rocks were sedimentary and igneous, likely granite.
101
Rocks really never go away.
102
They're changed and reused over time.
103
This metamorphic rock can be heated up until it becomes like liquid lava.
104
Once it cools, it's now an igneous rock.
105
Back to the beginning.
106
There are many pathways through the rock cycle.
107
Metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks can become igneous rocks when they're melted and then cooled.
108
Igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks can become metamorphic rocks when they're exposed to high heat and pressure.
109
Igneous and metamorphic rocks can become sedimentary rocks if they're broken apart into sediments and go through lithification.
110
So the next time you spot an interesting rock, see if you can tell.
111
Is it sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic?
112
And if you want to learn more science you can check out this video next.
113
Pressure!
114
Squish!
115
Pressure!
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
Kelime BilgisiKelime bankanızı oluşturun
Kelime OyunuOynarken öğrenin
Aynı Kanal
FOR YOU
Video Öner
C12
133 cümleler
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B11
25 cümleler
Reversible and Irreversible Changes to Matter
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
59 cümleler
All About Crustaceans – Quiz Edition
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B26
16 cümleler
Let’s Steal a New Moon
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B13
26 cümleler
What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B17
64 cümleler
Dynamic Earth 1
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B23
82 cümleler
What Would Happen If Earth Started to Spin Backwards
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B25
150 cümleler
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C123
31 cümleler
A Meteorite in the Garden? Calling the Museum
American AccentBritish AccentDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B23
105 cümleler
Evolution of Dinosaurs in 10 Minutes
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B12
7 cümleler
The Periodic Table Song (2018 Update!) | SCIENCE SONGS
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
136 cümleler
Why Does the OCEAN Get Creepier the Deeper You Go?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: rock, igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, layer. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 115 cümle ve 1278 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 9:01 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 142 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin yalnızca %74’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| layer isim | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | katman, tabaka |
| melt fiil | /mɛlt/ | erimek |
| granite isim | /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/ | granit |
| mineral isim | /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/ | mineral, maden |
| volcano isim | /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/ | yanardağ, volkan |
| lava isim | /ˈlɑvə/ | lav |
| crystal isim | /ˈkɹɪstəl/ | kristal, billur |
| candy isim | /ˈkæn.di/ | tatlı, şeker |
| expose fiil | /ɪkˈspoʊz/ | açığa çıkarmak |
| thin sıfat | /ˈθɪn/ | ince |
| sheet isim | /ʃit/ | varak, sayfa |
| underneath zarf | /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/ | altında, altı |
| sandstone isim | /ˈsændˌstoʊn/ | kum taşı |
| sharp sıfat | /ʃɑɹp/ | keskin, sivri |
| occur fiil | /əˈkɜː/ | olmak |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Anlam |
|---|---|
| check out fiil | gözden geçirmek |
| find out fiil | anlamak, ortaya çıkarmak |
| heat up fiil | ısınmak, ısıtmak |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | was formed · is heated · is formed |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | Helens, which are · obsidian, which is · particles which makes |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | has changed · has only been exposed |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı they're, you're, I'm gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 11 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: thin /ˈθɪn/, beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, smooth /smuːð/, pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: sheet /ʃit/, erosion /ɪˈɹəʊʒən/, deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, brush /bɹʌʃ/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, metamorphic /ˌmɛt.əˈmɔɹ.fɪk/, sedimentary /ˌsɛd.əˈmɛn.tə.ɹi/, lithification /ˌlɪθɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, solidify /səˈlɪdɪˌfaɪ/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/, pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/, weaken /ˈwikən/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: crust /kɹʌst/, granite /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/, crystal /ˈkɹɪstəl/, crack /kɹæk/, smooth /smuːð/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: granite /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/, candy /ˈkæn.di/, mantle /ˈmæn.təl/, sandstone /ˈsændˌstoʊn/, sand /sænd/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; layer, melt, granite gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.