跟读练习: Rock Cycle | Igneous | Metamorphic | Sedimentary Rock - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Rocks are all around us, and every rock you see used to be different.
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Over time rocks change.
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They break down, wear away, or even mount, but never disappear.
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How do rocks transform from this to this?
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Let's find out together in this episode all about the rock cycle.
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There are three types of rock found on Earth.
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Metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rock.
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We can classify each type of rock by how it was formed.
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Sometimes rocks form quickly, like when an erupting volcano spews molten rock into the air.
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And sometimes they change slowly, like when a rock is heated and compressed below
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Earth's surface for thousands or even millions of years.
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When you're looking at a rock, you're looking at history.
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Rocks may all seem the same at first, but they're all different and complex.
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The rock cycle shows how each type is formed in a different way, or how Earth's materials, driven by energy flow, change over time through melting,
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crystallization, weathering, erosion, and deformation.
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Within the Earth's crust and beneath the surface is molten rock
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or magma that can cool and solidify and turn into igneous rock.
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Let's take a look at Earth's layers to help us understand how this is possible.
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The Earth is made up of several layers that go all the way down to its core.
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The top layer of the Earth is slowly moving and shifting and is called the lithosphere.
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This layer consists of the Earth's crust and part of the upper mantle and makes up the tectonic plates, sometimes called lithospheric plates.
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These tectonic plates are being pushed together, pulled apart, or sliding past each other along surface faults.
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These movements are what create mountain ranges, seafloor trenches, and volcanoes.
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On the west coast of the United States, two plates are converging.
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The Pacific Plate is going underneath the North American Plate and begins to melt as it moves farther and farther down,
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eventually forming Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens, which are active volcanoes.
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Old Oceanic Crust is constantly being recycled in the subduction zones.
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This is where Oceanic Crust, being more dense, is subducted or sinks below the continental crust where it melts and is recycled into the mantle.
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Volcanoes like this are a great place to find molten rock and igneous rock.
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You can see this action modeled here.
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At the bottom of this beaker, I have wax to represent magma under the crust.
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A layer of sand is resting on top to represent a thin layer of oceanic crust.
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As the magma rises, it cools and solidifies.
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When magma comes to the surface, it makes brand new rocks.
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Any new rock that has changed from molten to solid is an igneous rock.
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Igneous rocks make up about 90 % of Earth's crust, though you may not notice because they are covered up by other rocks, soil, or ocean.
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One common kind of igneous rock is granite.
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Behind me is enchanted rock.
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A massive 425 5 foot high, 1 .1 billion year old pink granite dome.
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Here is an exfoliated piece for us to get a closer look.
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Another type of igneous rock is this obsidian, which is smooth and glassy.
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Both of these rocks were made of molten rock, so why do they look so different?
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Depending on whether magma cools above or below
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Earth's surface will determine the type of igneous rock that is formed.
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When magma cools and solidifies beneath
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Earth's surface, it forms intrusive igneous rock.
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This granite is intrusive igneous rock.
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It has only been exposed by erosion or the removal of the surrounding rock.
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Intrusive rocks like this cool slowly so they have more time for larger mineral crystals to form,
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which is why granite looks coarse -grained and we can see the crystals even without a microscope.
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When magma erupts to the surface, we call it lava.
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After lava cools and solidifies, it becomes extrusive igneous rock.
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This obsidian is volcanic glass formed when lava cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth.
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If you're still here liking this video, let us know
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And hit that subscribe button so you never miss an episode.
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Once an igneous rock like granite is created, its journey isn't over.
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The rock begins to change through a process called weathering.
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Weathering wears away at exposed surfaces over time.
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It's the breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces or sediments.
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Brushing water in rivers can wear down sharp edges on rocks over time.
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High temperatures cause rock to expand, and falling temperatures cause rock to contract.
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As this cycle happens over and over again, the structure of the rock weakens.
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Eventually, the outer layers flake off in thin sheets, a process called exfoliation.
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That's what is happening here.
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You can see the curved cracks in peeling sheets.
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Looks a bit like a giant rock onion.
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All this sediment can be moved around or eroded by wind and water.
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Eventually, it will be deposited somewhere, joining sediment from other rocks at the bottom of a riverbed, lake, or ocean.
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Under the right circumstances, sediments can form into sedimentary rock.
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All the material in this sandstone once belonged to other rocks.
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These sedimentary rocks behind me were formed over 250 million years through the deposition of sediments in ancient seas and rivers,
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creating layers of red shale, sandstone, and gypsum.
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Rocks like these are formed when sediments undergo lithification.
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Before lithification can occur, we need sediments.
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So I'm going to create some candy sediments.
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This is taking a long time, so let's speed it up.
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That's better.
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The first step to lithification is called deposition.
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This is when sediment is deposited in a new location and it spreads out to form a layer.
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As more and more layers are created, the layers underneath them become pressed together.
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This is called compaction.
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Minerals settle between the sediment particles which makes everything stick together.
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This is called cementation, like cement.
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This is now our candy sedimentary rock.
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You can see the layers we started with the white and ended with the green.
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With enough heat or pressure, a metamorphic rock can be formed from any other type of rock,
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igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks.
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All of the minerals in the original rock recrystallize without having to melt down back into molten rock.
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The new metamorphic rocks are typically harder, more compact, and more resistant to weathering.
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Metamorphic means it's changed.
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We can create metamorphic rock with our sedimentary candy rock by adding heat and pressure.
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First, I'm going to use an old hairdryer to heat things up.
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Now, squishing action.
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Pressure!
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Squish!
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Pressure!
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Our sedimentary rock is now a metamorphic rock.
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These pink rock islands jutting up through the limestone are metamorphic rocks called valley spring gneiss.
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Intense heat and pressure applied to the original rocks over millions of years formed gneiss.
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The original rocks were sedimentary and igneous, likely granite.
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Rocks really never go away.
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They're changed and reused over time.
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This metamorphic rock can be heated up until it becomes like liquid lava.
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Once it cools, it's now an igneous rock.
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Back to the beginning.
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There are many pathways through the rock cycle.
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Metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks can become igneous rocks when they're melted and then cooled.
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Igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks can become metamorphic rocks when they're exposed to high heat and pressure.
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Igneous and metamorphic rocks can become sedimentary rocks if they're broken apart into sediments and go through lithification.
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So the next time you spot an interesting rock, see if you can tell.
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Is it sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic?
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And if you want to learn more science you can check out this video next.
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Pressure!
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Squish!
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Pressure!
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本课的词汇与口语要点
视频中反复出现的词有：rock, igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, layer。 这段视频共有 115 个句子、1278 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 9:01。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 142 个词，很适合跟读。 只有 74% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| layer 名词 | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | 層 /层 |
| melt 动词 | /mɛlt/ | 融化, 熔化 |
| granite 名词 | /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/ | 花崗石 /花岗石, 花崗岩 /花岗岩 |
| mineral 名词 | /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/ | 礦物 /矿物 |
| volcano 名词 | /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/ | 火山 |
| lava 名词 | /ˈlɑvə/ | 熔岩 |
| mount 动词 | /maʊnt/ | 騎 /骑 |
| crystal 名词 | /ˈkɹɪstəl/ | 結晶 /结晶 |
| candy 名词 | /ˈkæn.di/ | 糖果, 糖 |
| expose 动词 | /ɪkˈspoʊz/ | 揭露, 暴露 |
| thin 形容词 | /ˈθɪn/ | бә, 薄 |
| sheet 名词 | /ʃit/ | 篇, 張 /张 |
| deposit 名词 | /dɪˈpɑ.zɪt/ | 沉積 /沉积 |
| erosion 名词 | /ɪˈɹəʊʒən/ | 磨蝕 /磨蚀, 侵蝕 /侵蚀 |
| mantle 名词 | /ˈmæn.təl/ | 斗篷 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| break down 动词 | 壞了 /坏了, 出故障 | |
| check out 动词 | 退房 | |
| cover up 动词 | 掩蓋 /掩盖, 掩飾 /掩饰 | |
| find out 动词 | 找出, 查明 | |
| go away 动词 | 離開 /离开, 走 | |
| go through 动词 | 通過 /通过 | |
| heat up 动词 | 加熱 /加热 | |
| make up 动词 | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | 組成 /组成 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | was formed · is heated · is formed |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | Helens, which are · obsidian, which is · particles which makes |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has changed · has only been exposed |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 11 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 they're, you're, I'm。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “th” 音: thin /ˈθɪn/, beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, smooth /smuːð/, pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: sheet /ʃit/, erosion /ɪˈɹəʊʒən/, deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, brush /bɹʌʃ/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, metamorphic /ˌmɛt.əˈmɔɹ.fɪk/, sedimentary /ˌsɛd.əˈmɛn.tə.ɹi/, lithification /ˌlɪθɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, solidify /səˈlɪdɪˌfaɪ/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: volcano /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/, lava /ˈlɑvə/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, curve /kɚv/, volcanic /vɔlˈkænɪk/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: melt /mɛlt/, crust /kɹʌst/, granite /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/, mount /maʊnt/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: mineral /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/, crystal /ˈkɹɪstəl/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, rapidly /ˈɹæpɪdli/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 layer, melt, granite 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。