शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Rock Cycle | Igneous | Metamorphic | Sedimentary Rock - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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115 वाक्य
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Rocks are all around us, and every rock you see used to be different.
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Over time rocks change.
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They break down, wear away, or even mount, but never disappear.
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How do rocks transform from this to this?
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Let's find out together in this episode all about the rock cycle.
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There are three types of rock found on Earth.
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Metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rock.
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We can classify each type of rock by how it was formed.
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Sometimes rocks form quickly, like when an erupting volcano spews molten rock into the air.
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And sometimes they change slowly, like when a rock is heated and compressed below
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Earth's surface for thousands or even millions of years.
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When you're looking at a rock, you're looking at history.
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Rocks may all seem the same at first, but they're all different and complex.
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The rock cycle shows how each type is formed in a different way, or how Earth's materials, driven by energy flow, change over time through melting,
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crystallization, weathering, erosion, and deformation.
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Within the Earth's crust and beneath the surface is molten rock
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or magma that can cool and solidify and turn into igneous rock.
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Let's take a look at Earth's layers to help us understand how this is possible.
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The Earth is made up of several layers that go all the way down to its core.
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The top layer of the Earth is slowly moving and shifting and is called the lithosphere.
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This layer consists of the Earth's crust and part of the upper mantle and makes up the tectonic plates, sometimes called lithospheric plates.
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These tectonic plates are being pushed together, pulled apart, or sliding past each other along surface faults.
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These movements are what create mountain ranges, seafloor trenches, and volcanoes.
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On the west coast of the United States, two plates are converging.
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The Pacific Plate is going underneath the North American Plate and begins to melt as it moves farther and farther down,
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eventually forming Mount Rainier and Mount St. Helens, which are active volcanoes.
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Old Oceanic Crust is constantly being recycled in the subduction zones.
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This is where Oceanic Crust, being more dense, is subducted or sinks below the continental crust where it melts and is recycled into the mantle.
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Volcanoes like this are a great place to find molten rock and igneous rock.
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You can see this action modeled here.
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At the bottom of this beaker, I have wax to represent magma under the crust.
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A layer of sand is resting on top to represent a thin layer of oceanic crust.
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As the magma rises, it cools and solidifies.
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When magma comes to the surface, it makes brand new rocks.
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Any new rock that has changed from molten to solid is an igneous rock.
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Igneous rocks make up about 90 % of Earth's crust, though you may not notice because they are covered up by other rocks, soil, or ocean.
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One common kind of igneous rock is granite.
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Behind me is enchanted rock.
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A massive 425 5 foot high, 1 .1 billion year old pink granite dome.
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Here is an exfoliated piece for us to get a closer look.
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Another type of igneous rock is this obsidian, which is smooth and glassy.
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Both of these rocks were made of molten rock, so why do they look so different?
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Depending on whether magma cools above or below
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Earth's surface will determine the type of igneous rock that is formed.
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When magma cools and solidifies beneath
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Earth's surface, it forms intrusive igneous rock.
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This granite is intrusive igneous rock.
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It has only been exposed by erosion or the removal of the surrounding rock.
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Intrusive rocks like this cool slowly so they have more time for larger mineral crystals to form,
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which is why granite looks coarse -grained and we can see the crystals even without a microscope.
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When magma erupts to the surface, we call it lava.
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After lava cools and solidifies, it becomes extrusive igneous rock.
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This obsidian is volcanic glass formed when lava cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth.
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If you're still here liking this video, let us know
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And hit that subscribe button so you never miss an episode.
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Once an igneous rock like granite is created, its journey isn't over.
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The rock begins to change through a process called weathering.
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Weathering wears away at exposed surfaces over time.
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It's the breakdown of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces or sediments.
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Brushing water in rivers can wear down sharp edges on rocks over time.
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High temperatures cause rock to expand, and falling temperatures cause rock to contract.
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As this cycle happens over and over again, the structure of the rock weakens.
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Eventually, the outer layers flake off in thin sheets, a process called exfoliation.
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That's what is happening here.
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You can see the curved cracks in peeling sheets.
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Looks a bit like a giant rock onion.
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All this sediment can be moved around or eroded by wind and water.
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Eventually, it will be deposited somewhere, joining sediment from other rocks at the bottom of a riverbed, lake, or ocean.
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Under the right circumstances, sediments can form into sedimentary rock.
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All the material in this sandstone once belonged to other rocks.
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These sedimentary rocks behind me were formed over 250 million years through the deposition of sediments in ancient seas and rivers,
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creating layers of red shale, sandstone, and gypsum.
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Rocks like these are formed when sediments undergo lithification.
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Before lithification can occur, we need sediments.
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So I'm going to create some candy sediments.
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This is taking a long time, so let's speed it up.
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That's better.
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The first step to lithification is called deposition.
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This is when sediment is deposited in a new location and it spreads out to form a layer.
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As more and more layers are created, the layers underneath them become pressed together.
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This is called compaction.
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Minerals settle between the sediment particles which makes everything stick together.
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This is called cementation, like cement.
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This is now our candy sedimentary rock.
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You can see the layers we started with the white and ended with the green.
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With enough heat or pressure, a metamorphic rock can be formed from any other type of rock,
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igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks.
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All of the minerals in the original rock recrystallize without having to melt down back into molten rock.
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The new metamorphic rocks are typically harder, more compact, and more resistant to weathering.
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Metamorphic means it's changed.
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We can create metamorphic rock with our sedimentary candy rock by adding heat and pressure.
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First, I'm going to use an old hairdryer to heat things up.
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Now, squishing action.
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Pressure!
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Squish!
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Pressure!
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Our sedimentary rock is now a metamorphic rock.
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These pink rock islands jutting up through the limestone are metamorphic rocks called valley spring gneiss.
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Intense heat and pressure applied to the original rocks over millions of years formed gneiss.
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The original rocks were sedimentary and igneous, likely granite.
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Rocks really never go away.
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They're changed and reused over time.
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This metamorphic rock can be heated up until it becomes like liquid lava.
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Once it cools, it's now an igneous rock.
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Back to the beginning.
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There are many pathways through the rock cycle.
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Metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks can become igneous rocks when they're melted and then cooled.
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Igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks can become metamorphic rocks when they're exposed to high heat and pressure.
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Igneous and metamorphic rocks can become sedimentary rocks if they're broken apart into sediments and go through lithification.
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So the next time you spot an interesting rock, see if you can tell.
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Is it sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic?
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And if you want to learn more science you can check out this video next.
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Pressure!
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Squish!
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Pressure!
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: rock, igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, layer। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 115 वाक्य और 1278 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 9:01 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 142 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। केवल 74% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| layer संज्ञा | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | परत, तह |
| granite संज्ञा | /ˈɡɹæn.ɪt/ | ग्रेनाइट |
| mineral संज्ञा | /ˈmɪn.ə.ɹəl/ | खनिज |
| volcano संज्ञा | /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/ | ज्वालामुखी |
| lava संज्ञा | /ˈlɑvə/ | लावा |
| mount क्रिया | /maʊnt/ | चढ़ना |
| crystal संज्ञा | /ˈkɹɪstəl/ | क्रिस्टल, स्फटिक |
| candy संज्ञा | /ˈkæn.di/ | मिसरी, खण्ड |
| expose क्रिया | /ɪkˈspoʊz/ | खोलना, उघाड़ना |
| thin विशेषण | /ˈθɪn/ | पतला, दुबला |
| sheet संज्ञा | /ʃit/ | पत्र, चद्दर |
| deposit संज्ञा | /dɪˈpɑ.zɪt/ | भंडार |
| sandstone संज्ञा | /ˈsændˌstoʊn/ | बलुआ पत्थर |
| deposition संज्ञा | /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/ | निष्कासन |
| sharp विशेषण | /ʃɑɹp/ | तीक्ष्ण, नुकीला |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | was formed · is heated · is formed |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | Helens, which are · obsidian, which is · particles which makes |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | has changed · has only been exposed |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 11 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे they're, you're, I'm। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: thin /ˈθɪn/, beneath /bɪˈniːθ/, underneath /ˌʌndɚˈniθ/, smooth /smuːð/, pathway /ˈpæθˌweɪ/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: sheet /ʃit/, erosion /ɪˈɹəʊʒən/, deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, brush /bɹʌʃ/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, metamorphic /ˌmɛt.əˈmɔɹ.fɪk/, sedimentary /ˌsɛd.əˈmɛn.tə.ɹi/, lithification /ˌlɪθɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, solidify /səˈlɪdɪˌfaɪ/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: volcano /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/, lava /ˈlɑvə/, liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/, removal /ɹɪˈmuː.vəl/, curve /kɚv/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, deposit /dɪˈpɑ.zɪt/, deposition /ˌdɛp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/, resistant /ɹəˈzɪstənt/, crystallization /ˌkɹɪstəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: smooth /smuːð/, slide /ˈslaɪ̯d/, spew /spjuː/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर layer, granite, mineral जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।