Shadowing Practice: Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work? - Learn English Speaking with Video
Ders oluşturuluyor...
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Does it ever feel like our democracy is broken?
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Like most Americans, I grew up learning that democracy was the best form of government, full stop.
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But then, what am I supposed to make of American life today?
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A recent poll found that more than half of Americans think our democracy isn't going well.
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So what's the deal?
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Is it possible democracy isn't all it's cracked up to be?
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Hi, I'm Ellie Anderson, and this is Crash Course Political Theory.
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This might feel like a distinctly modern problem, but a government run by the people, for the people, has had critics for centuries.
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Like, when the French philosopher Alexei de Tocqueville visited the United States 200 years ago, he was pretty skeptical.
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And way before that, the Greek philosopher Plato had mixed feelings, too.
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In one of the earliest written works of political theory,
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The Republic, Plato drew a contrast between what was tantalizing about Athenian democracy and what was realistic.
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He worried that citizens in a democracy would enjoy, quote, too much of the unmixed wine of freedom.
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And he imagined the typical citizen living life by their own whims, saying, Sometimes he drinks heavily while listening to the flute.
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At other times, he drinks only water and is on a diet.
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Sometimes he goes in for physical training.
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At other times, he's idle and neglects everything.
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And sometimes, he even occupies himself with what he takes to be philosophy.
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Honestly, sounds like me every January when I try to start all my New Year's resolutions at once.
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But to Plato, this was chaos.
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Without a firm set of values to live by, Plato worried citizens in a democracy would veer willy-nilly from one conviction to another.
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And if that were the case, how could society be stable?
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Like, if everyone can do, think, and feel however they please, do we lose track of what's true?
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Do we let personal feelings become more important than objective facts?
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I've never in my life done that.
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From what I can tell, no democracy, past or present, has fallen because of too much flute listening.
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But joking aside, I can still see the essence of Plato's worry in this central contradiction.
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The beauty of a democracy, and the danger of it, are one and the same.
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Everyone gets a say, even if their say is ill-informed, factually inaccurate, or driven by fear, hate, or paranoia.
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I was taught that democracy was an invention straight out of 6th century Athens.
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But with a little digging, I learned that origin story isn't quite right.
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For instance, the ancient Greeks practiced slavery, and they didn't consider women and children citizens.
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Not super democratic of them.
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And people were practicing democratic decision-making long before them.
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Like, much of what we know about prehistoric hunter-gatherers suggests that they gave everybody in the group an equal say, and made collective choices.
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Hunter-gatherers were often organized into very small groups.
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But when you're dealing with 50 million people, instead of, say, 50, it gets harder to reach a decision that everybody's happy with.
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So I guess it shouldn't be surprising that in the modern world, democracy gets such mixed reviews.
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Let's have a look at the polling, shall we?
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Yeah, turns out it's not just a US problem.
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In 36 other democratic countries surveyed, people agreed.
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Democracy is… mid.
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Mixed reviews aside, I still think that some form of democracy is better than a government run by, say, the military or a king.
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But people don't always agree on which version of democracy is best.
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So I did a deep dive on the different types of democracy
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and what thinkers of the past had to say about them.
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As is often the case, a good place to start is with the philosopher Jurgen Habermas, who describes three models of democracy.
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Let's think about them through one of the most contentious group decisions of all time.
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Imagine you and I and everyone else watching this video are on a road trip.
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How should we decide what to listen to?
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Let's start with the Republican view, which, by the way, isn't Republican in the partisan sense that we commonly use.
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This meaning of Republican describes the perspective that democracy is a shared civic value, where liberty is exercised in service of a common good.
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So in our road trip scenario, we figure that learning something during our time together would help us all.
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Hypothetically, we'd take a vote and listen to an educational podcast, like, I don't know, Crash Course Pods the Universe, or Overthink, hypothetically.
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But the liberal model of democracy, which again doesn't mean liberal in the colloquial, partisan sense, would take a different approach.
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It emphasizes individuals' rights.
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So we might decide to all listen to our own thing in our own headphones.
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I keep my 60s folk, you keep your mumble rap to each their own.
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And then there's the third view, which Habermas believes is the best of both worlds.
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According to the deliberative model, it's super important for diverse people with diverse views to talk it out and reach some kind of consensus.
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The space where we might do this, whether literal or virtual, is called the public sphere.
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So after talking it through, we'd all agree as rational adults that of course we should listen to American treasure,
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friend of all people, unifier of worlds, Dolly Parton.
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Right?
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Right?
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Okay, maybe that's a bit optimistic.
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Reaching consensus isn't easy, not even in a public sphere the size of a minivan.
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And there's another problem.
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The issue of representation.
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Where we consider who represents whom.
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Maybe each citizen should represent themselves.
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Like in a direct democracy, where individuals weigh in directly on national issues.
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That's a system favored by about two-thirds of the world today.
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And yet, the most common form of democracy today is a representative democracy, where citizens elect officials who deliberate on their behalf and,
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ostensibly at least, vote in their interest.
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But what does it really mean to have someone vote on your behalf?
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I could go my whole life being represented by someone who doesn't look, think, or vote like me.
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And it turns out, I'm not the only person who's wondered about this.
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There's a growing debate about whether representative democracy is truly the best way.
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On one hand, it's convenient to elect someone to research and weigh in on the issues for you, rather than hauling yourself to the polls for every little thing.
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I mean, none of us has time to be experts on everything.
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But there are also risks in putting your trust in someone whose decisions might not reflect what you'd actually want.
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And then there are questions about whose opinions are most important on particular issues.
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But who falls in and out of bounds isn't always so clear-cut.
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This is such a fundamental issue for democracy that it's even got its own super creative name.
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The boundary problem.
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When it comes to public education, should a parent's opinion matter more, or a teacher's?
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Or when determining oil regulations, should a former oil executive, if elected, be able to serve on the board?
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These are weighty questions.
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Who should represent whom and when should their voices count?
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I could go down that rabbit hole for days and still never get a straight answer.
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And then there's also the question of participation.
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Are people actually using their voices?
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In the United States, 2020 saw the highest voter turnout of any presidential election since 1900.
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But even then, only two-thirds of people eligible to vote actually made it to the polls.
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Which doesn't necessarily mean non-voters don't care or want to participate.
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In some states, there are barriers in place that restrict voting, like voter ID laws, shortened voting times, and so forth, that disproportionately affect the elderly,
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folks with disabilities, and people of color.
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On top of that, when people feel their votes and voices don't matter, they tend to stop using them.
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Which raises the question, can a decision really be considered democratic?
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If a large chunk of the population didn't even weigh in?
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It's messy, right?
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Just look at the news.
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There's so much conflict about how democracy should work, sometimes it feels like we should just scrap the whole thing and start over from scratch.
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And while it seems that there certainly are some folks who advocate for that, I'm more interested in a different, less pessimistic perspective.
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Bear with me.
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Maybe the struggles of modern democracy are a feature, not a bug.
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thinkers advocate for the model of radical democracy, one where we continuously debate and intentionally extend the ideals of equality,
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especially to marginalized groups whose voices have long been sidelined.
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The philosopher John Dewey subscribed to this view, seeing democracy less as a political institution and more as a way of life.
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He believed we should work to build communities that allow individuals to do their own thing.
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The trick in his words is to
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harmonize the development of each individual with the maintenance of a society in
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which the individual activities will contribute to the common good.
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I just love his use of harmonize here.
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Like, the idea is to keep the individual, the society, and the common good in tune, which requires ongoing tweaking.
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More contemporary scholars Ernesto LeClau and Chantal Mouffe say that radical democracy is the root of democracy.
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I'm a sucker for etymology, So I love how literal this is.
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The word radical comes from the Latin word for root.
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And because roots are the deepest part of a plant,
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we use the word radical to describe something as fundamental before we used it to describe something as extreme.
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Okay, my producer's telling me to cool it on the etymology lesson.
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Until next time, fellow word nerds.
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Anyway, Laclau and Mouffe advocate for agonism, an approach to radical democracy that makes space for a variety of ideas,
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rather than blotting them out by striving for agreement.
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And they say that differences aren't wrinkles to be smoothed over, but nuances to be accommodated, the very spirit that keeps democracy going.
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For example, the philosopher and activist Cornel West has long argued that democracy in the U.S is broken.
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But that doesn't mean he wants another form of government entirely.
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He argues that radical democracy is the only way to save it and avoid giving in to cynicism.
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For him, the path forward is to expand democracy, to point out injustices, push for reforms, and demand equality of power and resources.
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So, okay, democracy is more complicated than picking out a road trip playlist.
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But I'd still say that it's sort of like music, in that we don't always agree on which version is best.
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Getting it right is high stakes.
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And if it feels messy, complicated, and challenging, well, maybe it's supposed to feel that way.
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Maybe we're supposed to struggle with democracy, revise it, fight for it, because the project is never finished.
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Next time, we'll talk about liberty
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and what happens when one person's version of the good life means a bad life for someone else.
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I'll see you there.
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Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Political Theory, which was filmed at the Bastille studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.
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If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, you can join our community on Patreon.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?” videosuna dayanıyor. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 140 cümle ve 1917 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 11:55 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 161 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| philosopher isim | /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ | felsefeci, filozof |
| weigh fiil | /weɪ/ | tartmak |
| elect fiil | /ɪˈlɛkt/ | seçmek, saylamak |
| etymology isim | /ˌɛtəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/ | köken bilimi, etimoloji |
| thinker isim | /ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/ | düşünür, düşünücü |
| flute isim | /flu(ː)t/ | flüt |
| messy sıfat | /ˈmɛsi/ | darmadağınık, karmakarışık |
| sphere isim | /sfɪɚ/ | küre |
| contentious sıfat | /kənˈtɛn.ʃəs/ | tartışmalı, mücâdeleci |
| cynicism isim | /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪzəm/ | sinizm |
| nuance isim | /ˈnjuː.ɑːns/ | nükte |
| ostensibly zarf | /ɑˈstɛn.sə.bli/ | görünüşte, görünüşe göre |
| paranoia isim | /ˌpæɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/ | paranoya, yansıtımca |
| pessimistic sıfat | /ˌpɛ.səˈmɪs.tɪk/ | pesimist, karamsar |
| prehistoric sıfat | /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/ | tarih öncesi |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Anlam |
|---|---|
| grow up fiil | büyümek, yetişmek |
Tekrar etmeye değer cümleler
Videodan, günlük konuşmada yeniden kullanabileceğiniz kısa ve tam cümleler:
- Does it ever feel like our democracy is broken?
- Do we let personal feelings become more important than objective facts?
- I've never in my life done that.
- Let's have a look at the polling, shall we?
- How should we decide what to listen to?
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | is broken · was taught · were often organized |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | someone who doesn · Theory, which was |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı isn't, don't, doesn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 32 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: contentious /kənˈtɛn.ʃəs/, contradiction /ˌkɑːntɹəˈdɪkʃən/, disproportionately /ˈdɪs.pɹəˌpɔɹ.ʃən.ət.li/, shorten /ˈʃɔɹtn̩/, intentionally /ɪnˈtɛn(t)ʃənəli/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, etymology /ˌɛtəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/, agonism /ˈæɡ.əˌnɪz.əm/, colloquial /kəˈloʊ.kwi.əl/, contradiction /ˌkɑːntɹəˈdɪkʃən/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: weigh /weɪ/, colloquial /kəˈloʊ.kwi.əl/, weighty /ˈweɪti/, willow /ˈwɪloʊ/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: flute /flu(ː)t/, sphere /sfɪɚ/, nuance /ˈnjuː.ɑːns/, prehistoric /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/, playlist /ˈpleɪˌlɪst/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: partisan /ˈpɑː.tɪˌzæn/, agonism /ˈæɡ.əˌnɪz.əm/, paranoia /ˌpæɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/, tantalize /ˈtæntəlaɪz/, inaccurate /ɪnˈæk.jə.ɹɪt/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; philosopher, weigh, elect gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.