Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Heidegger’s Forgotten Lectures to Psychiatrists
Đang tạo bài học...
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Once, during the Second World War, the Swiss psychiatrist Madden Boss came across Heidegger's being and time.
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Under time, Boss was serving as a military doctor and, by his own account, had a lot of free time.
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So, mostly just to avoid dying of boredom, he decided to start reading Heidegger.
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The experience was painful.
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Boss later said that he understood almost nothing.
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But at the same time, he couldn't shake the feeling that behind this strange and extremely difficult language,
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there was some completely new way of talking about the human being.
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So he couldn't simply put the book aside either.
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He kept returning to Heidegger and gradually become more and more drawn into his thoughts.
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After the war, Bosz began to learn more about Heidegger himself.
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By that point, Heidegger had become an extremely controversial figure because of his involvement with National Socialism,
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and many of Bosse's colleagues strongly advised him to stay away from the philosopher.
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Nevertheless, in 1947, Bosse decided to write him a letter.
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He didn't really expect to get a reply, but Heidegger answered.
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That was the beginning of a correspondence that would continue for many years.
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Eventually, they began meeting in person, and over time, the two became close friends.
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Boss recalled that Heidegger once explained why his first letter had caught his attention.
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For a long time, Heidegger had hoped to meet a doctor who could genuinely understand his thought
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and bring it into the field of medicine.
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He hoped that one day his ideas might actually prove useful.
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Eventually, this friendship led to a rather unusual project.
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In 1959, Boss invited Heidegger to give a series of seminars for doctors, psychiatrists and medical students.
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The first meeting took place at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Zurich.
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But the setting there turned out not to be very suitable, so the later meetings were moved to Bosse's home in Zollikon, a small town near Zurich.
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The seminars continued there for almost 10 years, from 1959 to 1969.
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Whenever Heidegger came, Bosse would gather around 50 to 70 people at his home.
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According to Bosse, the first meetings were difficult.
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The audience had been professionally trained to think in scientific terms, and Heidegger was asking them something like, what does it mean to be?
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Posse recalled it at times it felt like someone from another planet trying to communicate with people on Earth.
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The earliest meetings weren't documented.
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Posse only began writing the seminars down later, so a large part of the material we have today comes from the 1960s.
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Heidegger himself later went through these records, making corrections and clarifications.
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They were eventually published under the title Zolicon Seminus.
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Besides the Philosophical Seminus themselves, the book also includes personal conversations between Heidegger and Boss and fragments of their correspondence over the years.
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This book became the main source for this video.
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But what could a philosopher possibly teach psychiatrists?
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In the Seminus, Heidegger himself says
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that his goal is not to turn psychiatrists into philosophers
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but to teach them to notice something that is fundamental to human existence
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but usually remains hidden just because it seems too obvious and too familiar.
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He wants to teach them a different way of thinking
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and right at the beginning he asks them to set aside that scientific way of looking at things.
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Heidegger thinks psychiatry runs the risk of applying to human beings a way of thinking that was originally developed for studying objects,
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looking for causes, properties and regularities.
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Once this model is applied to the human being, the person gradually becomes just another object among other objects.
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But Heidegger thinks that human beings don't exist in the same way things do.
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And because of
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that, the way we approach them can't simply reproduce the model
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of the natural sciences as Heidegger says in one of the
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seminars of course the human being can be seen as part
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of nature in the scientific manner yet the question still remains whether something human will result something
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which relates to the human being as a human being Heidegger insists
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that the way human beings exist requires a different kind of investigation but what does that actually mean?
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If you can't simply study a human being in the same way you study other objects, Then how are you supposed to study one at all?
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To answer that, you first have to ask what is distinctive about human existence in the first place.
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And in this seminus Heidegger turns to embodiment, space and time to show what the difference consists in.
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He speaks about embodiment.
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When Heidegger talks about the body, he points out that German has two words that can both mean body.
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Kerpa and Leib.
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Kerpa is the body understood as a physical thing, something with mass, volume, organs, something that follows certain laws and can be studied scientifically.
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But German also has another word for the body, Leib.
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Leib is the living body or lived body.
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In ordinary life, this is how you actually experience your own body.
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You don't normally experience your hand or your leg as an object with particular length
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and mass your body is already involved in the world you pick up a cup open a door turn around
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when someone calls your name most of the time your body
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is simply there involved in everything you do in phenomenology this distinction between kerpa
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and lieb is sometimes described as the difference between the body you have and the body you are
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Heidegger wants the psychiatrists to learn to see the human being not only as an organism, but also through lived embodiment.
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And this point is actually not just about the body.
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In this seminus, Heidegger is genuinely trying to bring this lived dimension back into the discussion of the human being.
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He also speaks about space and time.
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In a natural scientific description, space is treated as something homogeneous and measurable.
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You can locate things, measure distances, give coordinates.
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But human beings don't experience space that way.
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We don't simply exist at a measurable distance from things.
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We experience things as near or far, familiar or strange, as something we can move toward or move away from.
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Physical proximity doesn't always mean closeness in the human sense.
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someone can literally be sitting next to another person
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and have almost no relation to them at all
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while someone thousands of kilometers away may at
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that very moment be far closer
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because they are the one toward whom your thoughts attention
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or expectation are directed heidegger says
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that a human being can in a certain sense be there
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while remaining physically here because humans spatiality cannot be reduced to the physical location of the body.
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It is also determined by what a person is directed toward and by what matters to them at that moment.
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The same applies to time.
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For a human being, time is not simply a sequence of homogeneous, measurable nows, following one another.
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Because every temporal expression already belongs to a concrete context.
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Now means now while I am speaking to you.
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Tomorrow means tomorrow when you arrive.
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Every expression of time belongs to a concrete context.
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It refers to what is happening, what it is connected to.
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The time of human existence is therefore always already lived and meaningfully structured.
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Heidegger is trying to show that there is a more primordial human relation to time
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that is already there before any measurement begins.
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We wait, remember, hurry, have time, run out of time.
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And in all of these cases, time is already bound up with the possibilities of our existence.
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So the time we actually live has a structure of its own, rooted in the very way human beings exist in the world,
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while clock time is only one possible way of dealing with time.
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Another important topic for Heidegger in these lectures is distinction between causality and motivation.
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In the natural sciences, causality means that one event follows from another in a regular and predictable way.
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The sun shines on a stone, the stone becomes warm.
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And this connection can be observed, repeated and described as a law.
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But can a human action really be understood in the same way?
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If someone closes a window because it is noisy outside, the noise is not the cause of that action in the same sense that sunlight causes a stone to become warm,
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because the noise first has to be heard as disturbing, silence has to matter to the person, and peace has to be something they want.
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Heidegger calls what moves a person in this way a motive.
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He describes a motive as something that concerns me, something that calls for response, while a cause works whether or not they think it affects,
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understand what is happening the stone doesn't need to know
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that the sun is shining on it in order to become warm
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but the motive leaves room for freedom it doesn't physically push you
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or force you to act it addresses you heidegger compares this to hearing a voice
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and answering it heidegger sometimes writes in a very poetic way
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okay now we see why heidegger is critical of the scientific approach to the human being
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because he thinks he cannot fully capture the lived world
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but this raises another question why should we care about the lived world maybe it is simply something subjective
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that we can safely leave aside let me try to explain
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take a drinking glass in your hand where does this glass
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actually exists does it simply exist out there independently of us
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or is everything we see just some kind of representations inside consciousness For Heidegger,
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the glass obviously exists independently of whether I am looking at it or not.
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But as a glass, as something you can drink from, put on a table, hand to another person, it appears only within an interconnected whole.
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The glass refers to the table, to drinking and to the situation in which it is being used
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and it is within this whole network of references that a glass can appear as a glass
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just as a sound can be heard as disturbing to encounter
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any particular thing i must already be open to much more
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than the isolated object in front of me i am always
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already open to a whole field of relations a totality of references
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and in this sense this is why the whole is more primordial because in order to study something scientifically,
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we first have to single it out from that field and detach it from its ordinary involvements.
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Measurement, scientific investigations are themselves grounded in a prior way of encountering and understanding the world.
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The lived world cannot be something secondary, because before anything can be isolated and studied as an object, it has to appear within a lived world.
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And that is what Heidegger was talking in this seminus.
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Basically, the Zolikon seminus are just being and time retold in a more accessible form.
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Everything I've been talking about here is built out of the same basic ideas.
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Being in the world, openness, temporality.
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Heidegger explains all of this in being and time too, but in a much more abstract and difficult way.
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In the Zolikon seminars he at least tries to make himself a little clearer.
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By the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th,
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many psychiatrists and psychologists started to feel that it was wrong to build psychiatry on the model of the natural sciences,
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and that this model was missing something specifically human.
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Mad at Boss was one of the people who felt this way.
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And this is why Heidegger fascinated him so much.
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Bos saw that Heidegger was talking about human beings in a radically different way,
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shifting the focus toward the person's lived world itself and toward the way that person exists within it.
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For Bos this seemed like a much better foundation for understanding human existence.
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This Heideggerian approach also changes the relationship between therapist and patient.
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I'm not an expert in design analysis, but in very general terms,
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the therapist shouldn't begin with the assumption that they already know what is happening to the patient.
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They shouldn't immediately attach labels like this is complex, this is defense mechanism.
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They should try to understand how the world itself has changed for this particular person.
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What has happened to their experience of their own body?
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How do they experience time?
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How do they experience their own future?
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Which possibilities still seem open to them and which ones seem to have disappeared?
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In a sense, Dasein analysis is an attempt to rethink what kind of being the patient is
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and what kind of understanding psychiatry should be aiming for.
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By the way, Boss wasn't the first to try to bring Heidegger's philosophy into clinical practice.
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Back in the 1930s, another Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger had begun developing his own version of design analysis,
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inspired by being and time.
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But Binswanger reworked Heidegger's ideas quite freely, and Heidegger himself was fairly critical of his interpretation.
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With Bosch, the situation was different, because his design analysis developed through direct long -term contact with Heidegger himself.
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Heidegger was actually present throughout this process process and could literally explain what he meant.
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Today design analysis still exists, but it remains a fairly niche approach.
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The question behind the whole project, though, hasn't disappeared, and if anything, it has become even more interesting now that we have AI.
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AI can already hold a conversation, follow context and give coherent responses, which makes the old boundary between humans and machines much less obvious.
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At one point, we could at least comfort ourselves with the thought
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that we were uniquely capable of selecting all the traffic lights in a picture, but unfortunately AI can do that now too.
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And this brings us back to the same question.
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What exactly is distinctive about a human being?
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Heidegger would say that the difference lies in the very way human beings exist.
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We have a world, an interconnected field of meanings, possibilities, fears, expectations, past and future,
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within which things can matter to us at all and can appear as close or distant, familiar or alien, desirable or threatening?
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Can a machine have a world like that?
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A lived world in this specifically Heideggerian sense?
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That is already the next turn of the question, and answering it is a task for those who come after Heidegger, which means, unfortunately, us.
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Anyway, thanks for watching, see you next time, bye!
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Video này có 179 câu và 2430 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 16:20. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 149 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. 83% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ ít gặp trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
- psychiatrist /ˌsaɪˈkaɪ.ə.tɹɪst/ (danh từ) — nhà tâm thần học. A medical doctor specializing in psychiatry.
- seminar /ˈsɛmɪnɑɹ/ (danh từ) — xêmina. A class held for advanced studies in which students meet regularly to discuss original research, under the guidance of a professor.
- motive /ˈmoʊtɪv/ (danh từ) — động cơ. An incentive to act in a particular way; a reason or emotion that makes one want to do something; anything that prompts a choice of action.
- philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ (danh từ) — nhà triết học, triết gia. A lover of wisdom.
- psychiatry /saɪˈkaɪ.əˌtɹi/ (danh từ) — tâm thần học, khoa tâm thần. The branch of medicine that focuses on mental and behavioral health by subjectively diagnosing, treating, or preventing mental disorders (mental illnesses) and…
- encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/ (động từ) — bắt gặp. To meet (someone) or find (something), especially unexpectedly.
- gradually /ˈɡɹæd͡ʒuəli/ (trạng từ) — dần dần. In a gradual manner; making slow progress; slowly.
- shine /ʃaɪn/ (động từ) — toả sáng, chiếu sáng. To emit or reflect light so as to glow.
- disappear /dɪsəˈpɪɹ/ (động từ) — biến mất. To vanish.
- therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/ (danh từ) — người trị liệu, nhà trị liệu. Someone who provides therapy, usually professionally.
- disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ (động từ) — làm phiền, quấy rầy. to confuse a quiet, constant state or a calm, continuous flow, in particular: thoughts, actions or liquids.
- topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (danh từ) — chủ đề. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
- silence /ˈsaɪ̯ləns/ (danh từ) — sự yên lặng. The absence of any sound.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (động từ) — so sánh, so. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- select /sɪˈlɛkt/ (động từ) — lựa. To choose one or more elements of a set, especially a set of options.
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
- come from (động từ) — đến từ, quê ở. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
- look for (động từ) — tìm, tìm kiếm. To seek.
- pick up (động từ) — nhặt, lượm. To lift; to grasp and raise.
- put on /ˌpʊt ˈɒn/ (động từ) — mặc vào, đeo vào. To don (clothing, equipment, or the like).
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 19 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ don't, doesn't, can't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/, nevertheless /ˌnɛvɚðəˈlɛs/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/, rethink /ɹiːˈθɪŋk/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, shine /ʃaɪn/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: psychiatrist /ˌsaɪˈkaɪ.ə.tɹɪst/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, psychiatry /saɪˈkaɪ.əˌtɹi/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, genuinely /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ju.ɪn.li/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như psychiatrist, seminar, motive.
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | were moved · weren't documented · is applied |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | has changed · has happened · hasn't disappeared |
| Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật | people who felt · responses, which makes · those who come |
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.