Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Professional Interview: Dr. Gregory Zipfel & Dr. Chad Washington | Neurosurgery Insights

Chọn chế độ luyện tập

Mỗi chế độ mở một phòng luyện tập toàn màn hình.

575 câu

Nếu các câu quá ngắn hoặc quá dài, hãy bấm Edit để chỉnh sửa.

Afternoon.

Chào buổi chiều.

It's good to be here.

Rất vui được có mặt ở đây.

I'm Chad Washington.

Tôi là Chad Washington.

I'm the Chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi, and I'm here today with Dr. Greg Zipfel, one of my good friends, who's the current Ralph G.

Tôi là Trưởng khoa Phẫu thuật Thần kinh tại Trung tâm Y tế Đại học Mississippi ở Jackson, Mississippi, và hôm nay tôi có mặt cùng Tiến sĩ Greg Zipfel, một trong những người bạn tốt của tôi, người hiện đang giữ chức vụ Ralph G.

Dacey Distinguished Chair of Neurosurgery at Washington University in St. Louis.

Giáo sư Chủ tịch Danh dự Dacey về Phẫu thuật Thần kinh tại Đại học Washington ở St. Louis.

Greg, great to be here.

Greg, rất vui được có mặt ở đây.

Thanks for joining today for this interview for the AANS.

Cảm ơn mọi người đã tham gia buổi phỏng vấn hôm nay dành cho AANS.

Thanks for doing this for me, Chad.

Cảm ơn Chad đã làm điều này cho tôi nhé.

I appreciate it, and welcome back to St. Louis.

Tôi rất trân trọng điều đó, và chào mừng bạn trở lại St. Louis.

Good to be here.

Rất vui được có mặt ở đây.

Greg, so you're from Peoria, Illinois, went to the University of Illinois,

Greg, vậy là bạn đến từ Peoria, Illinois, và đã học tại Đại học Illinois.

then transitioned to Northwestern University for medical school, and then the University of Florida for residency,

sau đó chuyển đến Đại học Northwestern để học trường y, rồi đến Đại học Florida để thực tập chuyên khoa,

and then fellowship at Miami, correct?

và sau đó là chương trình thực tập tại Miami, đúng không?

And then when you did a, during your residency though, you had a connection with Washute and a fellowship in research, correct?

Và sau đó, trong thời gian thực tập, bạn đã có mối liên hệ với Washute và một chương trình nghiên cứu học bổng, đúng không?

Yeah.

Vâng.

So basically I'm an Illinois Midwest guy at heart.

Về cơ bản thì trong thâm tâm tôi là một người đàn ông của vùng Trung Tây Illinois.

I grew up in Peoria, Illinois, and my dad grew up in a tiny, tiny town in Southern Illinois.

Tôi lớn lên ở Peoria, Illinois, còn bố tôi thì lớn lên ở một thị trấn rất nhỏ ở miền Nam Illinois.

And so my entire life was kind of in those two spaces.

Và thế là cả cuộc đời tôi cứ gắn liền với hai không gian đó.

and I went to University of Illinois for undergrad and Northwestern for medical school.

và tôi đã học đại học hệ cử nhân tại Đại học Illinois, rồi sau đó học trường y tại Đại học Northwestern.

So I was definitely an Illinois guy.

Vì vậy, tôi chắc chắn là một người ủng hộ đội Illinois.

And then I kind of broke out for residency at the University of Florida in Gainesville and trained under Dr. Roden, Dr. Day, and Dr. Friedman.

Sau đó, tôi bắt đầu chương trình nội trú tại Đại học Florida ở Gainesville và được đào tạo dưới sự hướng dẫn của Giáo sư Roden, Giáo sư Day và Giáo sư Friedman.

And those were what turned out to be almost about eight wonderful years.

I met my wife there and made some really great friends and thought I got wonderful training.

During residency, though, I really got turned on to the idea of pursuing an academic career,

and in particular, a laboratory research career.

And my area of interest at the time, and still is, is vascular.

And it just turns out

that the options for me at the University of Florida at the time really didn't seem to be there.

And I got great advice from Dr. Day, one of my mentors, and another mentor who was actually a fellow at the time,

Dr. Dong Kim, to start looking outside of Gainesville and look for just the best lab,

best world -class experience in terms of research that I could find.

And that landed me here at Washington University in St. Louis in the Department of Neurology, actually, with the chair at the time,

Dennis Choi, who at the time was just world renowned for his work with ischemic brain injury, pathophysiology, excitotoxicity.

And so I joined that lab in 1998 and was here for two years, and I did peer research for two years.

I didn't touch the OR.

I went to neurosurgery conferences and actually opened some doors with Dr. Dacey, who was the chair at the time,

and a few other faculty and residents that I got to know in the neurosurgery department.

But primarily, I was doing research in neurology.

Then I went back to finish my clinical training at University of Florida,

did a year fellowship, open vascular and skull base fellowship with Dr. Morcos and Dr. Haros at the University of Miami.

And then I started looking for jobs.

And then this job here came open.

And for me, it was a dream job for me.

Close to my home, world -class institution, strong history of surgeons, scientists, and academics, and a wonderful chair,

Dr. Dacey, who recruited me back.

So it was a very natural fit for me to come back here to start my my faculty career

so growing up in peoria um how was

that transition from peoria illinois to neurosurgery what loop is there a natural evolution to

that how was it no so my parents were teachers um

and i don't have anybody in my family who's a doctor

or really you know beyond college uh kind of advanced degrees

and things of that nature that's just not part of my family history, really.

And so what's interesting is that I ultimately went into medicine.

I have two sisters.

One became a nurse anesthetist and the other one became a speech pathologist.

So despite no medicine in our family history, all three of us wound up in medicine, basically in healthcare.

And we have talked about that.

And I think it really related back probably mostly to my mom, who I remember sitting us down in front of PBS shows,

you know, about medicine or healthcare or surgery or,

you know, she just had an interest in medicine or interest in science that she exposed us to.

And then my grade school turned out, they were serious about science fairs and things like that.

And I think those two influences got me thinking about science.

But to be honest, it's a long road, as you know.

And at that time in my life, I just was not at all prepared or thinking that I was kind of up for that type of length of training.

So I started out in engineering at the University of Illinois, well -known engineering school, and I was good at math and science.

Thought maybe that might be a route for me that would not require as many years of training.

But after two years of that, I realized that that was just not my passion.

And I made a commitment to go to medical school, then changed my major and went pre -med and just went took that route.

And then the same thing happened to me in medical school.

I got to medical school.

I was drawn to cardiac surgery and I was drawn to neurosurgery.

But it was the length of training

that I just hadn't had any kind of context for with my family and personal relationships.

So that intimidated me.

And I spent my first two years looking for something else that I might like that was shorter in terms of training.

But then after a couple of years, a lot of people started making these decisions.

And I just kind of got kind of indoctrinated to the culture of subspecialty surgical training.

And I made a commitment to neurosurgery.

And that was off to the races then.

I really, once I made that decision, I realized I want to get to the best program to get trained well.

And I want to be competitive to get the best job coming out of training, which I knew for me when I wanted to be at a university setting, mainly because I felt like it was,

that's where the best go is to the university.

The research for me was not on my mind

that much until I started understanding what it meant to get a university neurosurgery job.

And then I started pursuing the research at that point.

So you went from avoiding the lengthy training to neurosurgery plus extra research time plus skull -based fellowship.

Yes.

So my My co -resident at the time, Kelly Foote, who's a very well -known functional neurosurgeon at the University of Florida.

So he and I were co -residents.

We started out together as co -residents.

He finished a couple years ahead of me because he didn't do this extra stuff that I did.

But my parting gift when I finally finished was a flask that said PGY -9.

So I had nine years of training before I started as a faculty member.

So you decided to neurosurgery.

Yeah.

You committed to the training um you know there's any number

of specialties within neurosurgery skull base itself there are people who commit to their lives

and that's yeah that's what they do yeah

but you decided to do strep of vascular skull base plus run a lab dedicated to strep of acid

100

so where in your training did you make

101

that decision like okay i've decided neurosurgery

102

but it's going to be this very particular aspect of neurosurgery

103

so that was easy for me um because i trained University of Florida and Art Day was like my, you know, I wanted a career like Art Day.

104

I wanted to be Art Day.

105

And he was a very well -known, open vascular, you know, highly skilled microsurgeon who also did some skull base and some other things.

106

But I wanted to be like him.

107

He was the best, from my perspective, the best microsurgeon at the University of Florida, nationally known, making contributions to the specialty,

108

advancing the surgical management of aneurysms, and I really wanted to be like him.

109

So PGY2, met him, got to know him, was on his service, and I really wanted to be a vascular neurosurgeon.

110

And I also, like I said earlier, really wanted to land or be competitive for a top job at a university.

111

And by then, I had now understood through him, through Dong Kim, who was his fellow, and through some other mentors at at Florida,

112

that for that type of job, oftentimes that means getting deep into research, which can really open some doors.

113

And so that's when I really started thinking about research as a component of my career.

114

I wanted to do vascular stroke -oriented research.

115

That led me to the decision to leave Florida to go to Washington University with this world -winning scientist, Dennis Joy.

116

And so I got into it from that perspective.

117

And then it turns out I really like research.

118

And I really got turned on to it during those two years.

119

I met a great postdoc fellow, a neurologist named Jin Mu Lee at the time.

120

And it turns out our careers have kind of intertwined over the years since that initial introduction.

121

And he currently is the chair of neurology at Washington University while I'm the chair of neurosurgery at Washington University.

122

So that started during those two formative years of research.

123

But I just loved it.

124

I thought the creativity of it, the discovery of something new, the possibility that perhaps we could stumble upon something

125

that might actually be leveraged into new therapy to help patients to a better degree than we currently had.

126

All that really, really, you know, kind of rang true to me and something I wanted to incorporate into my career long term.

127

So I went back to training at University of Florida to finish up my clinical training.

128

But then I started to make some decisions.

129

And one of those decisions, because at this time of vascular neurosurgeons, especially, people were just starting to get into endovascular.

130

And so I had to make a decision at

131

that point whether I was going to get endovascularly trained as well as open vascular trained.

132

And so I had lots of discussions with my mentors there.

133

And ultimately, I felt that what I was being told

134

and what I felt internally was that trying to be a really top -tier open vascular surgeon,

135

top -tier endovascular neurosurgeon, and run a serious NIH -funded laboratory.

136

Those are three distinct skill sets in some way.

137

And trying to do all three of those things really well, I was told and I really believed at the time that that would be very difficult.

138

And so I chose to do open vascular and lab

139

and thinking that I could tackle two of those three things and do that very well.

140

So that was a choice I made a long time ago, and I think it served me really, really well.

141

But nowadays, you look around and there are people who are open vascular trained, endovascular trained, and can do serious research like you have and others.

142

So I'm not sure if that was accurate at the time, but that was my thinking when I made that decision.

143

So I kind of made a conscious decision not to do endovascular, to make sure my, really to make sure the lab became well,

144

you know, well -founded and would prosper for years to come.

145

So that was just a conscious decision I made at the time.

146

So you spoke about Dr. Day.

147

Yeah.

148

But over the course of your career, you've either been trained or led by, I mean, a number of giants within the field.

149

Dr. Day, Dr. Rogan, Dr. Friedman, Dr. Morcos, Dr. Harris, Dr. Dacey.

150

Yeah.

151

So you want to take an opportunity

152

and a little bit of time to talk about those mentorships and how they impacted your career over,

153

you know, from young resident to new faculty now as the chair of a department and leader of a, you know, top tier program in the country.

154

Sure.

155

Yeah.

156

Well, I just feel blessed, one, to have the kind of mentorship that I've had.

157

I have found in my career, especially when I was a program director and as a chair,

158

there are certain people, trainees or junior faculty who are really drawn to mentors,

159

and they really seek it out and something that they really embrace.

160

And there's another small group of residents and some junior faculty who, no matter what you do, they don't seem to recognize the importance of mentorship.

161

And then there's another group in the middle where, I think they understand it, but if you can foster it and prioritize it within your department or in your residency,

162

I think they will take it seriously.

163

But undeniably, mentors will pave the way for you.

164

You will make less mistakes and you'll make better decisions if you really lean into mentorship.

165

And I just, for whatever it is inside me, I've always leaned into it.

166

So for me, my really, in neurosurgeon, my first real true mentor was Art Day for sure.

167

You know, I wanted to be like him.

168

He took me under his wing.

169

He allowed me to use his office, you know, when I didn't, you know, when the resident, as a resident, I didn't have an office and needed to work on projects.

170

He had, he and his wife, Dana, were wonderful about having residents over to his house.

171

And you just really felt like you were part of his life inside and outside of neurosurgery.

172

That meant something.

173

It really meant, you know, like I was accepted in some sort of way.

174

And then he was a tremendous, you know, surgical mentor.

175

And then he was really had a lot of forethought into what I might need to get research training

176

so I could do what I wanted to do long time

177

and supported my decision to leave Gainesville for two years and seek research opportunities elsewhere, which I really am indebted to him for that.

178

And lastly, and I've told him this, I've mentioned this in numerous scenarios when I talk about how to be successful as a surgeon scientist,

179

he also allowed me to recognize or impressed upon me the need to recognize that early in your career,

180

you really need to focus your clinical practice into a modest but focused practice on your area of expertise,

181

for me, vascular, to free up time

182

so you could be successful as a scientist and running a lab

183

and so and you need to make

184

that decision early as early as possible in my mind

185

and be emotionally ready so

186

when you become a junior faculty you can make strategic decisions to to be successful in

187

that area what does

188

that mean well you go through nine years of training for me most seven

189

or eight years you really want to operate you feel like you've put a lot of time

190

and effort into learning the skills to having developing that skill set

191

and you want to apply it you want to you know and want to take care of patients.

192

And I think that's good.

193

But early on in your research career, modest, focused practice on an area

194

that you're going to really kind of become known in would be the advice I would give, the advice I was given by Dr. Day.

195

And he would say things like, you know, once you develop a clinical practice, it takes on a life of its own.

196

So early on, you need to make strategic decisions and say no and do things so you can create that time.

197

So when I started as faculty, I was prepared for that emotionally to say no

198

and accept a smaller footprint in terms of my surgical practice

199

and accept that really probably I'd make a little less money early on as I got things established from my academic career.

200

And I really credit Dr. Day a lot for that.

201

In addition to Dr. Day at Florida, I was very much influenced by Don Kim, who was his fellow and had become a long -term friend of mine, because he really took me under his wing as well

202

and helped me make these decisions about what to do from a research perspective.

203

And I always looked up to Dr. Roten, who had an amazing influence at Florida and on me,

204

attention to detail, deep understanding of microsurgical anatomy, caring and empathy for his patients that I like to,

205

you know, take forward in terms of my own clinical practice.

206

And Dr. Friedman, who really, really cares deeply about his residents at the time when I was in training and to this day.

207

And, you know, in terms of hardworking, doing the right thing, trying to do the right thing for his patients and for his people at all times, it really meant a lot to me.

208

So that kind of combination of mentors led by Dr. day was really impactful.

209

Then I had a wonderful experience this one year at Miami.

210

I kind of went there in my mind to hone my skills

211

and polish what I had learned as an open vascular surgeon at Florida.

212

And I got a lot more than that.

213

I got that, but I got way more than that,

214

especially from Dr. Haros, who really was kind of an inspirational kind of academic in the truest sense of the word.

215

And I really felt like his intellectual honesty and his approach to complications,

216

his approach to mentorship and dedication to his residence and training was just laudable.

217

And I kind of came away from that like, wow, I'd like to incorporate that aspect into my career.

218

And Jacques Morgos is just a wonderful, wonderful man, an unbelievable technical surgeon.

219

And I learned just a ton of skull base, a lot of skull base sent some basket from him that I just,

220

to this day, I utilize as I'm operating and as I'm taking care of patients.

221

And he is another one who was just an attention to microsurgical anatomy

222

and detail and making an operation perfect so the patient can do, has the best chance of doing well.

223

So I took that away.

224

So that was my training mentorship group.

225

A lot of great influences that I was lucky to have.

226

And then I landed at WashU with, you know, what turned out to be the most impactful mentor in my life, Dr. Dacey, who, as you know,

227

since he trained here, is an amazing man, true academic, dedicated to his residency,

228

dedicated to the department, dedicated to St. Louis and Washington University.

229

And I just wanted to make him proud.

230

And, you know, I first got here, I remember, like I wanted to be in my office before he got here

231

and I didn't want to leave my office until he had already left

232

because I wanted to because I really wanted him to think

233

that I was working hard taking this wonderful opportunity he gave me

234

and and making good on the promise I made

235

that I was going to make something of myself and and

236

and contribute to you know the academic environment here at wash

237

you you you get here to wash you you're sort of tasked with starting the lab getting it up

238

and going um you know developing your practice uh in skull base and vascular

239

oh over that you know a time frame of from where you first got here until now of becoming the chair

240

is there a moment to where you you felt

241

that transition of this is my my goal or was it something

242

that you had started with from the beginning of like this was your aspiration

243

or did you evolve into i want to be the chair of washing

244

or surgery after you know this experience is there anything

245

that led you to yeah i i would say that um when i first got here i just wanted to you know, take good care of patients,

246

do a good job as an open vascular surgeon.

247

I really wanted to get my lab going and, you know, and get that off the ground and have a chance of success for a long -term scientific career.

248

I mean, early on the first couple of years, I was mainly focused on that.

249

After that started going fairly well, I started really.. thinking, well, what do I wanna do long -term?

250

And being a professor and chair had been kind of ingrained in me by many, but especially Dr. Dacey as kind of,

251

you know, the pinnacle in some ways of an academic career for some people

252

and certainly for Ralph and something I took to heart and ultimately became a goal of mine early on in my career.

253

I never dreamed of being the chair at Wash U, frankly.

254

I was hoping that I would be successful enough

255

that i could get a chair job anywhere um

256

and um maybe a place that you know was good

257

and i could make it better or maybe maybe even make it great um

258

but certainly didn't think that i would be the kind of person

259

that would be competitive for what i consider one of the top jobs in the country

260

until i got into about year 12

261

or 13 year of my faculty time here and then

262

that was a time where dr daisy's horizon in terms of

263

when he was going to step down started to become clear you know and you know, it was two or three years away.

264

And, and, um, I had interviewed for a few chair jobs and, and had turned one down.

265

And, um, and then I kind of realized maybe I, maybe, maybe I could become the chair at WashU.

266

And so I just kind of at that point just said, you know what, I'm, I'm not looking anywhere else.

267

I'll play my, my cards and, uh, and see how it goes.

268

And so I just stopped looking anywhere else and, and put my head down and prepared for, you know, when Ralph was going to step down

269

and to be the best version of myself in hopes that I could be competitive for the washer chair job.

270

And it worked out.

271

And certainly that wasn't a design in any way when I first got here, that's for sure.

272

Over that time period, you know, so obviously congratulations on becoming chair.

273

That's a remarkable, you know, achievement for you.

274

I think it's great for the department.

275

But over that time period, are there some other accomplishments that you're, you know, proud of that you, that you see as moments in,

276

um, your early practice or later on to the, or solidified you as a clinician, solidified you as a researcher?

277

So kind of, you know, things in my career where I really felt proud or something I accomplished.

278

Um, um, like you have an R01.

279

Yeah.

280

I mean, I think when I, when I, yeah, yeah, I got a K award in my, in my um at the end of my first year

281

that was a proud moment um

282

when i got my first r01 my first independent uh nh investigator award

283

that was a proud moment um i think you know i think

284

when i was promoted from assistant to associate professor with tenure that was a proud moment

285

um when i became the uh the chair of the cv section

286

which i put a lot of time

287

and effort into for a number of years i was really proud of

288

that um well over the course of

289

while i was here yeah you we transitioned the department now

290

in terms of the program director from oh yeah to you yeah

291

which was a big deal at the time because he had been the program director

292

yeah um and i know at the time um at least on their appearance you appeared very proud of that Yeah.

293

Well, that was wonderful.

294

And I think it gets back to my parents being teachers and loving that part of my job.

295

And yeah, I would say Ralph was very incredibly open and understanding that that's something that I,

296

you know, kind of aspired to.

297

And I don't think it was something natural for him to give up, frankly, where he kind of grew up in a time where you're the professor chair and program director, like that was a natural thing.

298

And lots of people did that.

299

You know, when things evolved, the program got bigger and more complex, more rules and things.

300

And so adding me in as an associate program director, I think, was a great opportunity for me.

301

And then I think once I got into that role, I think he saw that I could bring some things to the table.

302

And eventually he did ask me to be the program director.

303

And that was great.

304

In fact, I mean, the way I think of my career, I think from operating on a patient is great, and I feel wonderful, and you do a great operation,

305

they come through it, they're grateful, they get back to their lives, and that brings immediate satisfaction every time you do it.

306

It just feels great.

307

But for me, I really wanted to do more than have that immediate satisfaction.

308

I wanted to have broader impact beyond, you know, what I was doing for each patient that I took care of.

309

And for me, I did that through science and I did

310

that through being the program director now the chair

311

but at the time science and the program director

312

and I like building programs and I like doing science

313

and I like discovering and trying to implement new things in the clinic.

314

But if you ask me what I'm most proud of, it's really about when I was a residency program director

315

and the people that we trained and the careers that they have gone on to have, they treat patients for 30 or 40 years after they leave here.

316

And to me, that's broad impact and something I'm super proud of.

317

And now as chair, you know, something similar, I still feel that pride with the residents, but I also feel that with the faculty and watching their careers will blossom in the contributions they make.

318

Again, that's a way to have broad impact.

319

And when you couple that with the immediate satisfaction of taking good care of patients, it's a wonderful life, it really is.

320

So for the people that you're training and other young neurosurgeons,

321

why would you suggest that they get involved in organized neurosurgery?

322

Why is that important? and what's that impact on you in your career?

323

Well, it gets back to what we were just talking about where broader impact.

324

And you got to find out what you're passionate about, what you're good at.

325

And not everybody wants to be a scientist or a translational researcher.

326

Not everybody has the skill set to be certain things.

327

But I think a fair number of people, one way you can have broader impact,

328

one way you can contribute to your field that most of us are super passionate about is through organized neurosurgery.

329

And so for me, getting involved there was an opportunity to have broader impact.

330

And then as I got deeper into it and I got more senior in my career, I realized it's not only broader impact,

331

but it's a way I feel like I can give back to a specialty that has been wonderful to me.

332

So I view organized neurosurgery as a way to have a broad impact, but also how to give back to your specialty in a meaningful way.

333

So I'll just mention two things from the give back perspective that I'm particularly proud of that I'm involved with that,

334

I mean, I just absolutely love it.

335

And that's the role I play with helping lead the K -12 career development program nationally for junior faculty.

336

It's an NIH -supported grant.

337

It's in its 12th year of existence.

338

And I've been in leadership of it over the past seven and I'm the contact PI for it now.

339

And we're absolutely dedicated to helping junior faculty achieve their goals of becoming independent investigators.

340

And every time someone who is a scholar through that program gets an R01 or gets a new, you know, independent award from NIH and they email me

341

and let me know that the K -12 program had something to do with it.

342

I mean, those are some of the best days, you know, in my professional life is seeing people prosper like that.

343

And so I feel like that's a way that I can help give back to

344

organized neurosurgery or to academic neurosurgery to help the next generation achieve.

345

Similarly, there's a program through the American Academy of Neurological Surgeons called the Emerging Investigator Program,

346

EIP, Academy Emerging Investigative Program.

347

And that was started by a group of us who were involved with the K -12, but realized only three to four people get the K -12 each year.

348

And there's a bigger group of people who really can do this and would probably benefit from some mentoring and some guidance.

349

So the Academy developed this new program, this Emerging Investigator Program, to help that group of people.

350

And so it's a two -year mentoring program.

351

I run it.

352

And we partner established investigators with junior faculty.

353

It's a two -year mentoring program.

354

And the same thing, you know, getting emails from an emerging investigator scholar who gets their first R01 is just some of the best,

355

you know, the best days of my professional life to see that kind of thing.

356

And again, you know, feeling like I had a little bit of an impact on someone's success means a lot.

357

But I really feel like through those two programs, Other things, but those two programs in particular, I feel like I'm giving back,

358

you know, and helping the field prosper for years to come, I hope.

359

So you've been a champion of neurosurgical research and research being a component of training programs.

360

But I think you just recently saw a paper that you authored about the decline in K awards, particularly in cerebrovascular neurosurgery.

361

So any thoughts on that?

362

And then in general, the future of neurosurgery and what do you see as the potential barriers to redirecting that?

363

And what would you like to see happen?

364

Sure.

365

Well, when you take the biggest, broadest view of academic neurosurgery and science coming from neurosurgery departments

366

or from neurosurgeons we're doing great we are doing great we

367

have over the last five to ten years have had a

368

pace of growth of nih funding as a barometer of overall success

369

and contribution from the science perspective than the neurosurgery has ever had

370

and we're outpacing all other surgical specialties and most other medical specialties over

371

that period of time so neurosurgery really is doing outstanding in terms of growth of research and academics.

372

And I feel really good about that.

373

There's lots of reasons for that.

374

Brain initiatives, advancement of NIH funding, and other things.

375

But part of it is some of this infrastructure

376

that over the last 10 years has been developed by organized neurosurgery in partnership with NIH.

377

That's the K -12 career development award I mentioned, or career development program, the Academy Emerging Investigator Program.

378

But it turns out the NIH has an R25 program to support neurosurgery residents.

379

The Society of Neurological Surgeons now has a program called NSTP,

380

Neurosurgeon Scientist Training Program, which is meant to help mentor and provide some funding for neurosurgery residents who are pursuing research careers.

381

The spine section led by Zach Ray, one of our faculty here,

382

has created an emerging investigator program specific for spine surgeons to get more spine surgeons doing federally funded rigorous science.

383

And that community, all those programs have developed in the last really 10 to 12 years.

384

I think that has had some role in why neurosurgery as a field is doing so well in academics.

385

And that's because the field of organized neurosurgery has invested in programs to help develop new investigators over time.

386

And when you talk to people who came off at a time where they didn't have these programs, I was one of them, but even, you know, but others,

387

we just didn't have those kinds of mechanisms that this day and age we do have.

388

And I think that bodes well for especially long -term.

389

Now, the one part of your question was about vascular neurosurgery in particular, and as a vascular neurosurgeon yourself, and me as a vascular neurosurgeon,

390

I mean, I'm particularly interested and a little concerned about where that particular area of neurosurgery is going.

391

So a group of us, Bill Mack, who just now is the chair of USC, myself and a few others,

392

we looked at this and really came from a K -12 retreat where we were noticing

393

that a lot of tumor surgeons doing well academically, a lot of functional neurosurgeons doing well academically.

394

Turns out pediatrics is starting to do more and more in that area as well.

395

But we, as vascular neurosurgeons, were noticing that we didn't see as many vascular grants.

396

We didn't see as many neurosurgeons who were vascular neurosurgeons, you know, doing research.

397

So we did a little project to examine that and determine if our impressions were correct.

398

And it turns out they, in part they were, in part they weren't.

399

So it turns out when you look at vascular neurosurgery as a whole, again, we're doing really well with grants,

400

but it tends to be senior people who are doing well with grants and clinical trials and things like that.

401

But when you look at those who are applying for K awards, who are applying for NREF awards, that's where we saw softness,

402

where the newer generation in

403

that timeframe of their careers didn't seem to be putting in those grants nor getting those grants like they had,

404

you know, that was present earlier.

405

And we had some ideas on why that might be.

406

I mean, I think in part is nowadays to be a vascular neurosurgeon, you got to do both open and endovascular.

407

So you have two skill sets you have to develop and

408

that can be taxing and may take your focus away from research.

409

For example, as you know, as an endovascular neurosurgeon, thrombectomy call for large vessel occlusion stroke is a true emergency

410

and it's a growing burden it's an amazing opportunity to change people's lives

411

but it also is taxing on you personally and professionally we wonder

412

if that is impacting people's ability to also spend time with research and

413

so we did the paper to try to examine it we

414

saw we saw some softness we've talked to leaders of the CV section

415

and in other organizations of vascular neurosurgeons to bring this to their attention.

416

And they're starting to respond.

417

CV section now has, I don't remember the title of it,

418

but they have a specific grant mechanism for junior investigators who are vascular to help catalyze their academic careers.

419

And I think by shining a light on something

420

and is a way that we can influence it to make sure that vascular neurosurgeons remain true to science,

421

because that we all know that's an important part of how you can improve care for the future is

422

if you do the fundamental signs now um in your training

423

um i think at florida is where you met your wife married yeah so Tell us about the impact of your family,

424

and as we all know as neurosurgeons, there's another group of people who support us through our careers.

425

Yeah, so Mary Jo has been unbelievably supportive during all this.

426

We met when I was a resident at the University of Florida, and she was a medical student.

427

Turns out at Florida, if you are a neurology or neurosurgery resident and you're off service, you TA the neuroscience class.

428

And she was in that class.

429

And so that's where we met.

430

I met January of 1998, six months before I left Florida to go to come here to do research for two years.

431

And so I didn't tell her that originally until a couple of months into dating.

432

And then I told her and then we were apart for two years, which is a little hard.

433

But, you know, it either makes you stronger or not.

434

And for us, it made us stronger.

435

And we got engaged in the Forest Park here in St. Louis.

436

And she's been an amazing partner in life and extremely supportive of all my endeavors.

437

And now when we left here, I had a fellowship, research fellowship, and went back to Gainesville.

438

I don't think either of us really dreamed that we were coming back.

439

But we had the opportunity to come back.

440

And probably not her first choice as a Florida one and used to the beach and the sun to come to Midwest,

441

but she went with it and we've loved it here once we got here and she's been amazingly supportive.

442

I have three kids who are awesome and supportive.

443

I'm super proud of them.

444

None of them seem to be going into medicine as best I can tell at this page, but we'll see.

445

But they're doing amazing things and I'm super proud of them

446

and they're supportive of me as well and proud of some of the things that I've accomplished.

447

And I think that family support is really important, not only for me, but for faculty and trainees,

448

and we do everything we can in the department to include families as best we can.

449

So, we have all -inclusive events for faculty, trainees, and staff, and we always try to include those spouses at least,

450

and when we can, the kids, because we all know how important all those people are to our success

451

and our contributions and our ability to take care of patients.

452

And so I feel very privileged to have that kind of support.

453

And it all started in Gainesville, Florida.

454

So we were talking earlier today about neurosurgery and neurosurgery careers

455

and um you know it can be very tough

456

and very demanding um high intensity um operations long hours um what are some things

457

that you have done to uh disconnect to there's a lot of discussion now about work -life balance

458

and making sure that people have appropriate you know uh ways of disconnecting from, you know, the job.

459

So what do you do to enjoy outside of work?

460

Yeah.

461

So I have learned over time to do that better and better.

462

I didn't do it very well the first few years.

463

And in some ways, maybe I could have done a little bit better.

464

In other ways of looking at it, you're investing in a long -term future.

465

And maybe I needed to put that kind of time in the first few years of my faculty to make things possible.

466

But pretty quickly after a few years of

467

that i realized i needed to rebalance my life and uh

468

and made commitment um to my family um where i felt like i was committed

469

but i kind of recommitted a little bit um really what

470

i need to do is take care of myself better um which i wasn't doing um

471

so i got into fitness and you know eventually understood diet uh much better

472

and um and began running in the morning

473

or working out in the morning oftentimes with a neighbor who helped me and get started in this.

474

Later, my wife became my workout partner in the mornings, which really helps.

475

But that dedication to physical fitness and health really matters, you know, for the long term of anybody, but definitely people doing tougher things like,

476

you know, you and I do.

477

And then, you know, and then investing in your family and spending as much time with them as possible in their endeavors.

478

And so for me, that was supporting my older daughter with her dance and my middle son with golf

479

and my younger daughter with basketball.

480

And that time really centers you and, you know, realizes, you know, yes, things are important at work,

481

but there's other things that are more important.

482

So I think those are things that I've tried to do to balance myself.

483

And now that I'm more senior

484

and one child is out of the house and the others are much more independent than they used to be, you know, I'm kind of leaning into myself a little bit as well.

485

Things that I enjoy looking for new hobbies and new experiences that, you know, that I think balances because I think if you're balanced,

486

your work is better and more effective and you're just a better person if you can do that.

487

But it took a little time for me to figure that out.

488

And so I think you're going into your sixth year as chair?

489

Yeah.

490

So six years as chair of neurosurgery, weathered the storm of COVID,

491

now into a phase of growth.

492

So over that time, what's your proudest accomplishment for the department, not you personally, but for the department of neurosurgery during your tenure?

493

Yeah, my number one thing I'm most proud of probably is development of the Brain Tumor Center.

494

That was kind of my lead idea or initiative that I interviewed with.

495

And I just thought it was super important for a variety of reasons

496

that we take what had been building as a wonderful brain tumor program, but put it together in an organized way,

497

get it resourced and supported by the hospital and the school and,

498

and multiple departments and the cancer center in a way that would create something truly, truly special.

499

And I feel that for a variety of reasons.

500

One is I think are going to be one of the top or the top academic department in the country.

501

You have to have a very top tier brain tumor program.

502

That was important.

503

But really, I just think there's also a big need.

504

I mean, malignant brain tumors is a terrible disease.

505

Increment progress has been made, but it's very slow and very,

506

nothing transformative has happened in malignant brain tumor care for decades, really.

507

And I felt that the team we had here with adding some pieces

508

and organizing it in a serious way and leveraging strengths at Washington University

509

and at Siteman Cancer Center gave us the best chance

510

that we could be one of those centers that could really truly move the needle.

511

And I've seen it grow and I've had numerous conversations with our brain tumor leaders

512

and where we are here at Wash U, but where the field is more broadly.

513

And I truly, truly believe in the next couple of few years

514

that it's time for a true transformation and care of that terrible disease.

515

And I'm going to feel proud that we had something to do with it.

516

So I'm super proud of that.

517

I'm proud of a lot of other things that we've done.

518

We have a special area here in neurotechnology and neuromodulation.

519

led by Dr. Luthart, who's just an unbelievable world -class scientist and thought leader in the space.

520

And I thought that's something also we could build around and really make inroads and make a difference.

521

And he's proven that idea right and has built a division of neurotechnology that I don't think anywhere,

522

nobody can match, I don't think.

523

And he's really, you know, change in the field, brain -computer interface for chronic stroke, looking on same kind of concept for pain.

524

Others in the division are looking to how you can augment memory, how you can treat patients with PTSD, how you can treat patients with medically refractory depression,

525

and a host of other diseases.

526

I really feel like that's an area that can make a big difference in patients' lives in the future.

527

And organizing that effort, helping organize that effort has been important.

528

And I'm proud that the department has gotten into the community.

529

We have made really strategic and intentional moves to get WashU expertise,

530

WashU neurosurgery expertise into the community.

531

We're now at six community hospitals taking care of patients in their own backyard.

532

And in part, you're providing expertise in the community.

533

But the other part of that's been very satisfying is as we did that,

534

we also made connections in the community of St. Louis that had been wonderful.

535

People who have run big businesses, they've had their own lives and had their own accomplishments.

536

And by connecting with the community of St. Louis, we've been able to learn from them.

537

We've become better at patient experience.

538

We've been better at clinical operations.

539

We've been better in many ways because of those connections we've made in the community.

540

And that's been really gratifying and satisfying effort that we've made over the past six years.

541

We built out the academics.

542

You know, we're now number five in NIH funding, and we think that's going to continue to grow.

543

And that's been a major push and effort of ours and something I'm really proud of.

544

And the NIH funding is just a metric, but it just shows how vibrant the research and discovery science that's going on here.

545

And what's really important for neurosurgery is we're really laser focused on trying to translate those discoveries into the clinic

546

and new novel therapies for clinical trial and beyond.

547

So that's been a wonderful event.

548

We're expanding the residency

549

and really doing a lot of intentional things to make sure

550

we're preparing unbelievable junior faculty coming out of this program that can make contributions for years to come.

551

I probably could keep going on and on, but I'm proud of what we've been able to accomplish in the last five and a half years.

552

And I have great team members who've helped do it with Dr. Ray and Dr. Kim, Dr. Luthard, Dr. Osband, Dr. Willie,

553

now Dr. Thompson, who just arrived.

554

Ralph Dacey remains a huge part of our department and continues to contribute in many ways.

555

And it's just been wonderful, more than I could have ever expected, really, in terms of becoming chair.

556

And it's just, I really feel a deep sense of purpose to measure up to the past chairs

557

and what they've been able to accomplish in neurosurgery here.

558

And I want to do my part.

559

Greg, always great to be here.

560

It always feels like coming back home.

561

The department looks great.

562

The institution is just blowing up, expanding.

563

It's remarkable what you all are doing here.

564

I commend you and the members of the department for, you know, the things that you're doing here.

565

And I suspect that it will continue to grow and flourish.

566

Thank you again.

567

And just look forward to seeing what else neurosurgery will do from WashU.

568

Chad, thanks for doing this for us.

569

And thanks for spending some time with me.

570

It's been great to go down memory lane a little bit.

571

And we're super proud of everything that you've accomplished.

572

And I know you have more to do and more to come at the University of Mississippi, but we are truly, truly proud of what you are as a neurosurgeon

573

and as a leader and look forward to what you're going to contribute in the years to come.

574

And again, thanks for doing this.

575

Thank you.

Tải Ứng Dụng

Mọi thứ bạn cần để nói trôi chảy

Chấm điểm AIChấm từng câu nói

Luyện IPAThành thạo mọi âm

Từ vựngMở rộng vốn từ

Game Từ vựngHọc qua chơi

Quét QR

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

FOR YOU

Video gợi ý

368 câu

Leaders of Neurosurgery: Jacques Morcos, MD, FAANS, FACS interviewed by Gregory Zipfel, MD, FAANS

Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

232 câu

The Neuroscience of Love and Attachment: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Dopamine's Role in Bonding

Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

15 câu

SurGenTec Bioskills lab

Daily ConversationWorking Adults

201 câu

Cleo Abram Answers The Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED

Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students

368 câu

Essentials: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains | Dr. Matt MacDougall

Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

927 câu

What Actually Works for Your Skin? A Stanford-Trained Plastic Surgeon Explains

Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Professional Interview: Dr. Gregory Zipfel & Dr. Chad Washington”. Video này có 575 câu và 8073 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 47:20. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 171 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. 83% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:

Từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa
surgeon danh từ	/ˈsɝd͡ʒən/	bác sĩ phẫu thuật
investigator danh từ	/ɪnˈvɛs.tɪˌɡeɪ̯.təː/	người điều tra
resident danh từ	/ˈɹɛzɪdənt/	cư dân
scientist danh từ	/ˈsaɪəntəst/	nhà khoa học, khoa học gia
tumor danh từ	/tuː.məɹ/	u
specialty danh từ	/ˈspɛʃ.əl.ti/	đặc sản
contribute động từ	/kənˈtɹɪb.jut/	đóng góp
tier danh từ	/ˈtɪɚ/	tầng, bậc
satisfaction danh từ	/sætɪsˈfækʃən/	sự thỏa mãn
organize động từ	/ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/	sắp xếp, tổ chức
spine danh từ	/spaɪn/	xương sống
discovery danh từ	/dɪˈskʌv.ɹi/	khám phá
institution danh từ	/ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/	thể chế
component danh từ	/kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/	bộ phận
laboratory danh từ	/ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/	phòng thí nghiệm

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Từ	Nghĩa
come back động từ	trở lại, trở về
give back động từ	trả, trả lại
blow up động từ	nổ
give up động từ	đầu hàng

Những câu đáng luyện lại

Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:

That's a remarkable, you know, achievement for you.
I think it's great for the department.
I'm super proud of them.
Louis, we've been able to learn from them.
We've become better at patient experience.

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúc	Trong video
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại	have talked · i've decided · I've had
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm	was drawn · be leveraged · being told
Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật	people who commit · research, which can · people who are

Phát âm cần chú ý

Người nói dùng 117 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ I'm, you're, didn't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.

Âm “th”: sixth /sɪksθ/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
Âm “sh” và “zh”: fellowship /ˈfɛl.ə.ʃɪp/, specialty /ˈspɛʃ.əl.ti/, contribution /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/
Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: investigator /ɪnˈvɛs.tɪˌɡeɪ̯.təː/, residency /ˈɹɛzɪdənsi/, contribution /ˌkɑntɹɪˈbjuʃən/, satisfaction /sætɪsˈfækʃən/, unbelievable /ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbl̩/

Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:

Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: resident /ˈɹɛzɪdənt/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, commitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/, invest /ɪnˈvɛst/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/
Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: surgeon /ˈsɝd͡ʒən/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/, surgical /ˈsɝd͡ʒɪkəl/, strategic /stɹəˈti.dʒɪk/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/
Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: vascular /ˈvæskjələ/, faculty /ˈfæk.əl.ti/, transition /tɹænˈzɪʃ.ən/, satisfaction /sætɪsˈfækʃən/, aspect /ˈæspɛkt/

Cách luyện với video này

Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như surgeon, investigator, resident.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →

Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Professional Interview: Dr. Gregory Zipfel & Dr. Chad Washington | Neurosurgery Insights

Chọn chế độ luyện tập

Tải Ứng Dụng

Leaders of Neurosurgery: Jacques Morcos, MD, FAANS, FACS interviewed by Gregory Zipfel, MD, FAANS

How to Train Your Brain to Enjoy Hard Work | Andrew Huberman

View From The Top with Roelof Botha, Managing Partner of Sequoia Capital

Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial Designs With Dr Kidwell

Biotech Story Time With Tal Zaks, M.D. (Part 1)

Day in the Life as a Doctor

Intracranial Angioplasty | Dr. Sukalyan Purkayastha | Brain Mechanic

The Neuroscience of Love and Attachment: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Dopamine's Role in Bonding

SurGenTec Bioskills lab

Cleo Abram Answers The Web's Most Searched Questions | WIRED

Essentials: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains | Dr. Matt MacDougall

What Actually Works for Your Skin? A Stanford-Trained Plastic Surgeon Explains

Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Những câu đáng luyện lại

Ngữ pháp trong video

Phát âm cần chú ý

Cách luyện với video này

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?