跟讀練習: Crash Course European History Preview - 通過影片學習英語口語
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1
Hello and welcome to Crash Course History.
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I'm John Green.
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You may know me because I once hosted a series of Crash Course videos on world history, which, depending on your perspective, was either far too Eurocentric or not nearly Eurocentric enough.
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Well, we're about to get rather Eurocentric.
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Mr.
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Green!
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Mr.
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Green!
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Right, I remember you!
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Yeah, you retired me from the past.
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I can't play Seventeen anymore.
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Anyway, starting today we're going to explore the history of Europe, beginning with the closing years of the so-called Middle Ages, and ending with Europe's recent and possibly temporary great turn toward political and economic unity.
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But here at the start I want to note two things.
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First, that Europe is a made-up idea.
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Like in parts of Eastern Europe, students learn that there are six continents, not seven, because Eurasia is treated as a single landmass on account of it being, you know, a single landmass.
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But then Eurasia is both physically and geopolitically inseparable from Africa, just as North America is from South America, and Australia is more of an island than a continent, and don't even get me started on Antarctica.
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So in some ways there are two continents.
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We don't even completely agree what constitutes Europe.
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The dividing line is often constructed as the Ural Mountains, which would mean that half of Russia is European and the other half Asian.
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And is Western Kazakhstan Europe?
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The southeastern border of Europe is also problematic.
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Is Turkey Europe?
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And if not, was the Roman Empire a European empire only when its capital was Rome, and not for the many centuries in which its capital was Constantinople?
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But of course, like many made-up ideas, Europe is also real.
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And in these videos we'll attempt to introduce you to the big political, economic, military, and cultural developments in recent European history.
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The second thing I want to say is that one cannot look at the history of Europe in isolation.
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Because as part of the Afro-Eurasian landmass, Europe has long been in contact and conversation with other parts of the world, and so it's impossible to examine its history in isolation because it was never isolated.
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In early human history, when bands of hunter-gatherers rarely reached populations of larger than a few dozen, people were relatively independent from those who lived far away from them.
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But the story of humans is in some ways a story of growing connection.
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Like 3,000 years ago, everything most humans used had been made within their community, from clothing to tools to weapons to jewelry to ideas.
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Over time, though, our trade networks and cultural connections expanded, and more of us began to live in cities and to travel between communities.
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By around a thousand years ago, for instance, Christianity, which was born in the Middle East, had become the dominant religion in Europe.
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And the Catholic Church was certainly extremely powerful.
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But there were also other religions being practiced.
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Like most of the Iberian Peninsula, for instance, was controlled by the Islamic Caliphate of Cordoba, which had arrived from northern Africa.
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Sun powder, which was first developed in China, began being utilized in Europe around 1300, and the great disease pandemics that reshaped early modern Europe also came from Asia.
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What I'm saying is that even Europe isn't really Eurocentric.
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We're going to try to emphasize the world's interconnectedness in this series, but any regional history risks isolating itself.
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So throughout, I hope you'll remember that Europe is a made-up idea, and that it is nonetheless real, and that the lives of humans in Europe have long been shaped by the lives of humans elsewhere.
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Our history will begin around the year 1300, with Central Europe a tangle of kingdoms and city-states and the continent in a purportedly dark age.
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Big changes are coming—the absolute devastation of the Black Death, a reimagining of the relationship between peasant and lord, and questions about the role of the Catholic Church in political life.
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But before we get there, I want to flash forwards and backwards.
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In September of 1940, with Europe roiled by the Second World War, an 18-year-old car mechanic named Marcel Ravidot was walking his dog Robot in the countryside of southwestern France when the dog disappeared down a hole.
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The next day, Marcel went to the spot with three friends to explore that hole, and after digging for a while, they found a cave with walls covered with paintings.
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Paintings of horses and bison, and even extinct species.
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It would eventually be established that some of these artworks were at least 17,000 years old.
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the boys who found that cave were so profoundly moved by the artwork they saw that they camped outside the cave to protect it for over a year.
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Now there's nothing unique to Europe about very old cave paintings.
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They've been found in the Americas, in Indonesia, in Africa, in Australia.
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They have not been found in Antarctica, another argument against its continthood.
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And don't tell me that continents are about geology, not humans.
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Who do you think invented continents?
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Rocks?
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I will confess to being a little human-centric when it comes to history.
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Right, but cave paintings are not unique to Europe.
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But what I find fascinating about ancient cave paintings is that they were often made over the course of many thousands of years, as hundreds of generations of humans lived in the same caves.
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Like the paintings at Lascaux, for instance, were likely created over a span of around two thousand years.
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For two thousand years, a community of humans lived in this cave.
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Two thousand years.
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Two thousand years ago, Tiberius was the emperor of the Roman Empire.
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Our history of Europe will span around seven hundred years, which is a long time.
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But it also isn't a long time, as it represents less than one half of one percent of human history.
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History, like so much else, changes as our perspective changes.
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And so as we zoom into the history of Europe, let's not forget that we're zooming in.
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Thanks for watching.
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I'll see you next time.
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P.S.
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Have you ever wondered what's at the center of the Earth?
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Well it turns out it changes every week, but this week it's yet another Earth.
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Earth's all the way down, you see.
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為什麼要通過這個影片練習口語？
這個影片《Crash Course歐洲歷史預覽》提供了一個獨特的機會，讓你在輕鬆的環境中提高英語口語能力。通過觀看John Green的解說，你不僅可以接觸到豐富的歷史內容，還可以學習到生動的表達方式。練習英語口語的好處包括提高你的流利度和自信心，讓你更容易在與他人交流時表達自己的觀點。在觀看YouTube學英語的過程中，通過模仿（即shadow speak）John的說話風格，你不僅能增強記憶力，還能更好地構建句子，以便在雅思口語練習中游刃有餘。
語法與表達法分析
在影片中，John使用了一些關鍵的語法結構，這些結構非常適合用作英語口語練習的範例：
- 名詞從句：例如，他提到“歐洲是一個虛構的概念”，這種句型有助於表達複雜的思想和觀點。
- 時間副詞：如“在1300年左右”，準確地描述時間背景對於歷史與事件的理解非常重要。
- 條件句：例如，“如果沒有這些聯絡，歐洲的歷史將會如何？”這種句型能增強表達的連貫性和邏輯性。
- 反問句：使用反問有助於強調觀點，如“難道不值得一提嗎？”這也是引導聽眾思考的有效方式。
使用這些語法結構時，配合適當的語調與強調，可以大大提升你的表達力。
常見的發音誤區
在這個影片中，有一些單詞的發音可能對英語學習者造成困擾：
- Eurocentric：這個詞的重音在第二個音節，發音為“jʊə.rəʊ'sɛn.trɪk”。很多人可能會錯誤地將重音放在前面。
- geopolitically：在這個複合詞中，重音在第三個音節，正確發音為“ˌdʒiːəʊpə'lɪtɪkli”。
- interconnectedness：這個長詞在發音時需小心，保持音節的清晰度，正確發音為“ˌɪntə(r)kə'nektɪdnəs”。
通過練習這些發音，特別是在做雅思口語練習時，你將能夠提高自己的英語發音，減少口音帶來的困擾。
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is treated · is often constructed · was never isolated |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | those who lived · Christianity, which was · powder, which was |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | They've been found · have not been found · Have you ever wondered |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。