تدريب Shadowing: RCoA Primary Examination: SOE Physics Question Example - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Okay, so can you tell me how is heat lost during anaesthesia and surgery?
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Okay, so heat loss.
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Is there a way for a diagram to explain this?
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So you've got the patient on the operating table.
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I'll draw that quickly.
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Now, the main way in which heat is lost in an anaesthetic is through radiation, the infrared radiation, and that counts for 40%.
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Then convection currents count for 30%, whereby warm air is moved away from the body,
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aided by laminar flow and moving heat away from the body that way.
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then a further 15% is lost through evaporation through the energy of latent heat of vaporisation.
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Respiration accounts for approximately 10%
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which can be broken down into 8% for latent heat of vaporisation of the gases and 2% of heating the inhaled gases.
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There is a further small amount of heat lost through conduction through solid services such as the operating theatre
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and through IV fluids into the patient.
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Okay, alright let's come back to this 40% that you described of radiation.
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Can you tell me what factors affect the amount of heat loss through radiation?
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OK, so there's a number of factors.
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The first which is the absolute temperature.
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Stefan Boltzmann gives an equation where...
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OK, don't go into detail of the equation.
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What's the important point about that law?
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So the emissive radiation is proportional to a power of 4, the absolute temperature.
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So therefore the hotter the body is, the greater the temperature loss through that body is.
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The other ways in which heat is lost through radiation, the temperature difference between the body and the surrounding areas, the exposure of the body,
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so the exposure of the patient, then the amount of insulation the body has,
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so if they're wearing blankets or clothing or body fat, will reduce heat loss.
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And lastly, the amount of degree of vasodilation, so that the more vasodilated the patient is, the more blood flow there is to the skin,
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and the greater radiated heat is lost through that.
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OK, all right.
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Let's think about what actually goes on during an anesthetic now.
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So what are the phases of heat loss during anesthetic?
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Is it all lost at the same time?
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Or what happens?
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OK, do I draw a graph?
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Yeah, do.
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So the graph for heat loss, I'll do time in hours at the bottom,
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start at 0, and temperature in Celsius.
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The curve essentially looks like this.
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So in the first hour to two hours, you have rapid heat loss of one to five degrees
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which is accounted for by redistribution of blood and between there
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and the next five hours temperature loss decreases and after which temperature plateaus to a fairly stable level.
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Okay thank you.
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That was a pass for that candidate.
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They were able to show a detailed knowledge coupled with a good understanding of the subject.
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And were able to complement their answer by the use of diagrams and graphs and also the use of an equation.
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Diagrams generally are not compulsory.
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They need to add to the answer rather than just being the answer.
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And occasionally in the exam you will be given an artefact or a diagram already in which to base your answer upon.
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If you choose to use a diagram, it's important that you make them as large as you can, make them clear and relevant to the question you're being asked,
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not just the diagram because you happen to remember it.
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It's also important to use the time whilst you're drawing the diagram to help answer the question.
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Don't draw the diagram and then answer the question.
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The two need to be used at the same time.
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It's also helpful if it looks like it's not the first time you've drawn the diagram.
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Graphs too need to be along the same lines, they need to be labelled and you need to think about whereabouts your line goes on the graph.
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Does it go through the zero point or not, where does it actually fit?
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So in summary that was a well structured answer, able to show knowledge and understanding well and used graphs and diagrams appropriately.
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لمن هذا الفيديو؟
هذا الفيديو موجه للطلاب الذين يسعون لتحسين مهاراتهم في اللغة الإنجليزية، خاصة في مجال المحادثة وفهم المواضيع العلمية. إذا كنت طالبًا في كلية الطب أو في مجال الرعاية الصحية، أو إذا كنت ترغب في تعزيز معرفتك بالفيزياء الطبية، فإن هذا الفيديو يعد مصدرًا قيمًا لك. يركز الحوار على شرح كيفية فقدان الحرارة أثناء التخدير والجراحة، مما يجعله مفيدًا للطلاب الذين يستعدون لامتحاناتهم أو يسعون لفهم المفاهيم بشكل أعمق.
كلمات وعبارات تستحق الاقتباس
- فقدان الحرارة (Heat loss): تشير إلى كيفية فقدان الجسم للحرارة خلال العمليات الجراحية.
- الإشعاع (Radiation): أحد الطرق الرئيسية لفقدان الحرارة، وينتج عنه فقدان حوالي 40% من الحرارة.
- تدفق الحمل (Convection currents): يمثل 30% من فقدان الحرارة، حيث يتم تحريك الهواء الدافئ بعيدًا عن الجسم.
- التبخر (Evaporation): يمثل 15% من فقدان الحرارة، حيث يحدث من خلال الطاقة الناتجة عن تبخر السوائل.
- التمثيل البياني (Graph): أداة مفيدة لتوضيح المعلومات المعقدة بشكل بصري.
كيفية تحسين النطق
للحصول على النطق الدقيق، من المهم التركيز على بعض المفردات الرئيسية الواردة في الحوار. يمكنك ممارسة المحادثة الإنجليزية من خلال تكرار العبارات المهمة بصوت عالٍ. استخدم تقنية shadow speech، حيث تستمع إلى الفيديو وتحاول محاكاة النطق intonation والإيقاع. يمكنك أيضًا الاستفادة من هذه التقنيات أثناء تعلم الإنجليزية مع يوتيوب، بدلاً من مجرد مشاهدة الفيديو. تذكر أن تحافظ على التركيز على كيفية نطق الكلمات داخل سياقها، وخصوصًا المصطلحات العلمية التي يمكن أن تكون معقدة.
باستخدام تقنيات مثل shadowspeaks، يمكنك تعزيز ثقتك بنفسك وتحسين قدرتك على التعبير عن أفكارك بشكل دقيق وواضح أثناء المحادثات. تأكد من متابعة تمارين النطق هذه بانتظام لتحقيق أفضل النتائج في تعلمك.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.