シャドーイング練習: RCoA Primary Examination: SOE Physics Question Example - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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Okay, so can you tell me how is heat lost during anaesthesia and surgery?
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Okay, so heat loss.
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Is there a way for a diagram to explain this?
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So you've got the patient on the operating table.
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I'll draw that quickly.
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Now, the main way in which heat is lost in an anaesthetic is through radiation, the infrared radiation, and that counts for 40%.
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Then convection currents count for 30%, whereby warm air is moved away from the body,
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aided by laminar flow and moving heat away from the body that way.
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then a further 15% is lost through evaporation through the energy of latent heat of vaporisation.
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Respiration accounts for approximately 10%
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which can be broken down into 8% for latent heat of vaporisation of the gases and 2% of heating the inhaled gases.
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There is a further small amount of heat lost through conduction through solid services such as the operating theatre
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and through IV fluids into the patient.
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Okay, alright let's come back to this 40% that you described of radiation.
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Can you tell me what factors affect the amount of heat loss through radiation?
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OK, so there's a number of factors.
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The first which is the absolute temperature.
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Stefan Boltzmann gives an equation where...
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OK, don't go into detail of the equation.
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What's the important point about that law?
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So the emissive radiation is proportional to a power of 4, the absolute temperature.
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So therefore the hotter the body is, the greater the temperature loss through that body is.
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The other ways in which heat is lost through radiation, the temperature difference between the body and the surrounding areas, the exposure of the body,
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so the exposure of the patient, then the amount of insulation the body has,
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so if they're wearing blankets or clothing or body fat, will reduce heat loss.
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And lastly, the amount of degree of vasodilation, so that the more vasodilated the patient is, the more blood flow there is to the skin,
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and the greater radiated heat is lost through that.
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OK, all right.
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Let's think about what actually goes on during an anesthetic now.
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So what are the phases of heat loss during anesthetic?
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Is it all lost at the same time?
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Or what happens?
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OK, do I draw a graph?
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Yeah, do.
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So the graph for heat loss, I'll do time in hours at the bottom,
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start at 0, and temperature in Celsius.
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The curve essentially looks like this.
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So in the first hour to two hours, you have rapid heat loss of one to five degrees
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which is accounted for by redistribution of blood and between there
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and the next five hours temperature loss decreases and after which temperature plateaus to a fairly stable level.
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Okay thank you.
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That was a pass for that candidate.
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They were able to show a detailed knowledge coupled with a good understanding of the subject.
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And were able to complement their answer by the use of diagrams and graphs and also the use of an equation.
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Diagrams generally are not compulsory.
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They need to add to the answer rather than just being the answer.
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And occasionally in the exam you will be given an artefact or a diagram already in which to base your answer upon.
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If you choose to use a diagram, it's important that you make them as large as you can, make them clear and relevant to the question you're being asked,
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not just the diagram because you happen to remember it.
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It's also important to use the time whilst you're drawing the diagram to help answer the question.
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Don't draw the diagram and then answer the question.
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The two need to be used at the same time.
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It's also helpful if it looks like it's not the first time you've drawn the diagram.
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Graphs too need to be along the same lines, they need to be labelled and you need to think about whereabouts your line goes on the graph.
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Does it go through the zero point or not, where does it actually fit?
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So in summary that was a well structured answer, able to show knowledge and understanding well and used graphs and diagrams appropriately.
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この動画で英語スピーキング練習する理由
医療分野の専門的な会話は、複雑な用語と論理的な説明が求められるため、英語スピーキングの実践に最適です。この動画では、麻酔中の熱喪失について質問と回答が展開され、shadow speech（シャドースピーチ）の練習により、専門用語の発音や論理的な語順、説明の流れを身につけることができます。また、図やグラフを使って説明する場面もあり、実際の会議や試験での表現力向上にもつながります。
文脈の中の文法と表現
動画内の表現から3つのポイントを紹介します。まず、「Is there a way for a diagram to explain this?」のように、疑問文を使って情報を求める表現です。これは日常会話だけでなく、専門的な場面でも頻繁に使われます。次に、「the main way in which heat is lost」のように、「in which」を使った関係詞節で、先行詞を詳しく説明する構造です。最後に、「can be broken down into」は「～に分解される」という意味で、データや情報を分類する際に便利です。これらの表現を使うことで、説明がより明確になります。
発音の注意点
英語の発音を良くするために、注意が必要な単語がいくつかあります。まず、「radiation」（放射）は「レイディエーション」ではなく、「レイディエイション」と発音します。次に、「convection」（対流）は「コンベクション」ではなく、「コンヴェクション」と発音します。さらに、「vasodilation」（血管拡張）は「ヴァソダイレーション」と発音します。これらの単語は発音が難しいですが、shadow speakの練習を繰り返すことで、正確な発音を身につけることができます。また、「approximately」（約）のような長い単語も、発音のリズムを抑えて読むことが重要です。
この動画を使って、英語スピーキング練習を続けることで、専門的な場面での表現力と発音が向上し、自信を持って英語を話すことができるようになります。shadow speechの練習は、聞いた内容をすぐに繰り返す方法で、発音やリズム、イントネーションを学ぶのに最適です。ぜひ、毎日少しずつ練習してみてください。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。