تدريب Shadowing: The Big Lie About Nuclear Waste - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
1
nuclear power nuclear power nuclear power nuclear waste nuclear waste nuclear waste
2
okay i need to show you something this is a nuclear
3
reactor built in 1962 the atomic power plant of the future being developed by argon national laboratory
4
but it's not just any old nuclear reactor this reactor is different in many ways from the nuclear power plants
5
that supply some of our homes today with electricity the biggest difference was the fuel they used to make electricity.
6
This nuclear reactor made electricity out of nuclear waste.
7
Nuclear waste.
8
Nuclear waste.
9
Some kind of nuclear waste.
10
Well sir, where should we dump this batch?
11
When I think of nuclear waste, I think of that classic glowing green goo in yellow barrels, you know?
12
This radioactive stuff that we end up with after all of the fuel is used up
13
that we have to store for hundreds of thousands of years because it's so dangerous.
14
Like, we fight about nuclear waste all the time.
15
We say, can we even use nuclear
16
because we end up with this radioactive waste
17
and where should we store it and not near my house
18
and you're telling me that there's a nuclear reactor
19
that can make electricity out of nuclear waste and it was built in the 1960s?
20
Back then they were predicting that we would use this technology to build this incredible clean energy future.
21
By the year 2000 more than half the electric power of the country will come from atomic sources.
22
But today we're nowhere close to that.
23
We don't reuse any of our nuclear waste, instead it just piles up.
24
But if this technology works that means
25
that our nuclear waste isn't radioactive trash it's an incredible clean energy resource
26
and it's just sitting there sucking up money to keep it safe we think about technology as constantly moving forward
27
but this is a story about how we left behind a technology
28
that could change our energy future
29
so this video is about what happened to using nuclear waste to make electricity to the clean energy future
30
that we could have had but more importantly this video is about the people trying to bring that future back.
31
Nuclear waste.
32
Nuclear waste problem.
33
The concern about nuclear energy.
34
There are concerns about emissions.
35
Abundant power.
36
We need clean energy.
37
Energizes the city.
38
We are coming up with new nuclear reactors
39
that will guarantee a plentiful supply of atomic power for the nation and the world for centuries to come.
40
I first got obsessed with this topic
41
because a couple of weeks ago my friend
42
and fellow video journalist johnny harris called me up
43
and he asked me for some help on a video
44
that he was making all about nuclear power let's do this
45
i'm going to go down the rabbit hole on why people are afraid of nuclear energy what are the events
46
and the things that freak us all out and i kind of want you to do the opposite
47
to look at like is there a future for this technology
48
and should we actually be as afraid as we are
49
so i started to dig into it
50
and as part of my research process into nuclear power i got invited to go visit one of the largest
51
and oldest national research centers in the United States.
52
Here we are.
53
This is Argonne National Laboratory.
54
We're going to get to go see the research that they're doing.
55
And they have been doing research on nuclear power since like before I was born.
56
Hold on.
57
Do you recognize that name?
58
Argonne National Laboratory.
59
Yeah.
60
This is the same national lab that developed that incredible old nuclear waste recycling reactor.
61
But I didn't know that yet.
62
So we go on this incredible tour.
63
It's awesome.
64
I'm learning a ton.
65
I'm thinking, oh my god, I'm going to be so over prepared to talk to Johnny about nuclear power.
66
And on this tour with me are these two people from Oklo, which is a company that's working on new kinds of nuclear reactors.
67
And at the end of the tour, I'm sitting with them under this big tree.
68
And one of them says something that just short circuits my brain.
69
So we're actually working with Argonne closely on how to recycle existing nuclear waste in the U .S.
70
There is enough used fuel to power the country for the next 150 years.
71
Wait, I'm sorry, what?
72
There is enough used fuel in the country, in the US alone, to generate power for the country for the next 150 years.
73
There's enough used fuel, meaning nuclear waste, in the US to power the country for 150 years.
74
Like you can see me not believing her.
75
I think it's some fake math.
76
Like maybe technically there's enough energy there, but like we could never really use it.
77
We don't know how to do that.
78
Whereas like when they say, you know, geothermal, you can power the earth for like thousands of years
79
if we could get all of the energy out of the
80
earth it's like yeah we can't we don't know how to do
81
that do we know how to yeah we just don't have the facility commercial facility to do
82
so but the technology is there experts differ on the exact number of years here
83
but they agree
84
that the nuclear waste we have now could be used as a large energy source based on technology
85
that we've already built but it gets even better if you reuse
86
that nuclear waste especially
87
if you reuse it more than once you can dramatically cut down on the amount of time
88
that the waste after all of that's done is radioactive for.
89
So the amount of time that we have to store our nuclear waste.
90
The problems are cost and global politics, not fundamental technology.
91
Okay, here we go.
92
By the time I got to DC to talk to Johnny about this, I was obsessed.
93
Hello, good morning.
94
Welcome to our studio.
95
We have all this nuclear waste, right?
96
And it is scary, but imagine that there was a way that you could actually not just store it, but actually use it.
97
So you can use nuclear waste as fuel for more energy.
98
You can recycle nuclear waste.
99
You can recycle nuclear waste.
100
Yes, and I typed all the way into this in a video
101
that I'm now gonna promise is going to be on my channel by the time we air this one.
102
This is that video.
103
To understand what's going on here, you have to understand that nuclear waste isn't what you've been told.
104
All right, let's zoom out for a sec.
105
Basically all of the electricity that you use, except solar, comes from spinning a turbine.
106
It's magic.
107
Most of the time inside a power plant, what you're really doing is you're heating up a liquid into steam and using that to spin the turbine.
108
The most common way to do that is still burning stuff near it.
109
That's fossil fuels.
110
But you could also use liquid that the earth already heated up for you.
111
That's geothermal.
112
Or you can split atoms apart inside special rocks and make them really hot.
113
That's nuclear.
114
And the special hot rocks are uranium.
115
Uranium.
116
Uranium 235.
117
Uranium sleep.
118
Uranium fever.
119
But only a really small part of natural uranium, less than one percent, is a kind of breakable uranium that can sustain a nuclear reaction.
120
This is uranium 235.
121
That number refers to the number of neutrons in the atom.
122
So typically uranium goes through a process called enrichment, which is making more of the uranium -235 out of the less useful uranium -238.
123
By the time that's all done, your fuel looks like this.
124
If you take your finger up to your first joint, that's about the size of a uranium fuel pellet.
125
Those pellets then go into these long metal rods that I got to see while I was at Argonne.
126
And then comes the nuclear reaction.
127
So you fire a bunch of free atoms at your uranium -235, which cracks it into smaller, very unstable atoms, and throws off a couple other neutrons in the process,
128
which zoom off and hit more uranium nearby, and then more and more, a chain reaction of splitting atoms.
129
And each time they get split, a little mass turns into energy, which makes the rods really hot, which heats the water, which spins the turbine, which generates electricity.
130
Ta -da!
131
But eventually, after four to six years, you've broken enough of that special uranium that the reaction stops working efficiently.
132
And that spent fuel is now considered high -level nuclear waste.
133
At this point, that waste is a mix of 238
134
and a little bit of leftover 235 and a bunch of very unstable atoms that give off ionizing radiation.
135
That ionizing radiation, in large doses, is the bad stuff.
136
It's the scary, invisible killer that affects our tissues and our DNA in often deadly ways.
137
And the thing is, this nuclear waste stays radioactive for an insanely long time.
138
We're talking hundreds of thousands of years sometimes.
139
Which is, to put it mildly, a problem.
140
We've got to find better and safer ways to store nuclear waste.
141
Waste that can remain radioactive for centuries?
142
That remains a big problem.
143
Right now, most nuclear waste in the United States is stored in dry casks that look like this, to protect people from the radioactive material inside.
144
Those dry casks are meant to last decades, but not hundreds of thousands of years, which is what we're talking about here.
145
So we've been having this ongoing fight for decades about what to do with nuclear waste.
146
There are options for long -term storage, and some countries are already doing that.
147
Johnny and I got into the details in his video.
148
But right now, in the U .S and in lots of other countries, there are a lot of dry casks full of nuclear waste just sitting there at nuclear power plants.
149
So to summarize, we take uranium out of the ground, we use it once, and then we store it basically forever.
150
This is the once -through fuel cycle that the U .S has today.
151
Now listen to the analogy that they used in the 1960s to describe how stupid this fuel cycle would be.
152
Would you say that using the 235
153
and not the rest is sort of like using the cream and throwing away the milk?
154
Exactly.
155
The key is to figure out how to filter out the stuff that's still useful from the real waste that's not.
156
Turns out Argonne is one of the few places that is still testing nuclear waste recycling in the US, and I got to go see it.
157
I'm just gonna go right on up, and they're gonna tell me to stop filming right now.
158
It was a whole thing.
159
I had to send them my passport to prove that I was a US citizen before they'd let me on the tour, and I wasn't allowed to film inside.
160
In order to go into this place that I can't show you, I have to wear these cool safety glasses.
161
How do I look?
162
Amazing.
163
Let's do it.
164
Luckily, Argon itself has actually published footage from the lab that I toured, so here's what they're doing inside that large protective box.
165
First, they cut up the nuclear waste into little pieces.
166
Then they dissolve those pieces into a vat of molten salts.
167
When they run electricity through that vat, it separates the uranium and other useful materials from the rest of the junk,
168
and pushes it across the vat where it creates deposits of the useful stuff on the other side.
169
Then they make new fuel rods out of those deposits and stick them back in a reactor.
170
And it's not just possible to do that once, you can do it multiple times, not just making electricity but also reducing how long that waste is radioactive for, because you're using up the materials that last the longest.
171
From hundreds of thousands of years down sometimes to hundreds of years.
172
which is a much easier timeframe to store something.
173
If you can pull this off, you can have a nuclear fuel cycle that looks like this.
174
You mine the uranium, you use it in a reactor, filter out the useful stuff, then you use it again and maybe again and again.
175
And when you can't anymore, then you put it in much shorter term storage that's much more manageable.
176
This is called a closed fuel cycle and there are lots of variations, but it's not hypothetical.
177
Some countries like Japan, for example, are already doing this.
178
And they say they do it because it reduces their dependence on imported fuel, it conserves uranium, and it reduces the radioactivity of their nuclear waste.
179
Which makes sense.
180
So, what happened in the United States?
181
Tonight I want to have an unpleasant talk with you.
182
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter announced new policies meant to stop the growing risk of nuclear war.
183
And that meant stopping all nuclear recycling.
184
Why?
185
Well, you remember the materials that we separated out during the recycling process.
186
One of those materials was plutonium, which is a highly radioactive element that was seen as the highest concern for nuclear proliferation.
187
So President Jimmy Carter stopped all nuclear recycling, saying, quote, A viable and economic nuclear power program can be sustained without such reprocessing and recycling.
188
The U .S moved away from the kinds of reactors that could handle nuclear waste, called fast reactors, and toward the kinds of reactors that exist today, called light water reactors.
189
But while the U .S stopped nuclear recycling, other countries didn't.
190
The ban on nuclear recycling stopped being seen as helpful to slow the threat of nuclear proliferation.
191
So President Reagan lifted the ban in 1981, but by then, companies had invested in the kinds of reactors that couldn't recycle, the kind that we have now.
192
Today, the main claim is that nuclear fuel recycling is too high cost, it's just not economical.
193
And that's true compared to using new uranium, which has been cheap and plentiful.
194
What incentive did anyone have to recycle their fuel?
195
But those incentives are changing.
196
The combination of wondering whether global conflict will cut off fuel supply, and the recognition that we need more clean energy in as many ways as possible,
197
as fast as possible, has started to wake people up through technology and a dream that we left behind.
198
We are not far off from it.
199
We're not talking about a technology that we're dreaming of, that we hope can work.
200
We're talking about a technology that has already been demonstrated before and proven.
201
We just need to commercialize it.
202
There is a lot to figure out and a long way to go but if we can recycle nuclear waste, I think it says something profound about what we as humans are capable of.
203
Splitting atoms, sure, but I mean something much more simple.
204
Changing our minds and overcoming our fears.
205
To use our resources and our technology
206
and our ingenuity to make other people's lives a little bit better tomorrow than they are today.
207
And this of course is just the beginning.
208
Not only will atomic power be released, but someday we will harness the rise and follow the tides and imprison the rays of the sun.
209
We have indeed just begun.
210
Huge If True is an optimistic show about using technology to make the world better.
211
If that's something that you believe in, the best thing that you can do to support us is to subscribe.
212
And if you do subscribe, let me know.
213
I'd love to meet you in the comments.
214
See you for the next one!
📺 نفس القناة
B135
Antarctica Is Bigger Than You Think
American AccentDaily ConversationWorking Adults
B22
Formula 1, Explained for Rookies
American AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
How Big Is The Biggest Black Hole?
American AccentUniversity Students
B21
Would You Use An Artificial Womb? (I Would)
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
What If The Earth Was Flat?
American AccentUniversity Students
B23
The Shoe That Broke Running
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
I Wrote a NEW Sci-Fi with Project Hail Mary Author Andy Weir
American AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1What If I Fell Into A Black Hole?
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B25
Something’s Happening to the Ozone Hole
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
Formula 1 Cars, Explained with Max Verstappen
American AccentBusiness EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The New Hunt for the Colossal Squid
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B28
Humanity’s Real Plan to Stop This Asteroid (Feat. Mark Rober)
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Why Gravity Is A Lie, explained in Zero G
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
The Ocean Is Deeper Than You Think. We Need Better Maps.
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B226
The Future Mark Zuckerberg Is Trying To Build
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B2How Did Dinosaurs Actually Go Extinct?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B2The Sun Is Weirder Than You Think
American AccentDaily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1How Will The Universe Die?
American AccentUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
✨ فيديو موصى به
B27
37 جمل
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Terrible! 2/3
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
409 جمل
I think AI slop is about to trigger a renaissance, actually
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
109 جمل
How ELECTRICITY works - working principle
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2133
16 جمل
Can Earth Run Out of Water?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
31 جمل
What happens to old electronic devices when you upgrade?
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
195 جمل
How Solar Is Beating Nuclear's Best Idea
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
81 جمل
Radioactive Waste - The Journey to Disposal
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
168 جمل
The Truth About Nuclear Energy
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B23
7 جمل
Why is Nuclear Fusion so Hard? - Nuclear Engineer Explains #nuclear
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
150 جمل
The only good nuclear accident
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C16
73 جمل
Superfluid Dark Matter
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
156 جمل
How Quantum Batteries Break Every Rule of Charging
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 214 جملة و2641 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 13:03. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 202 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 85% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| uranium اسم | /ˌjuː.ˈɹeɪ.ni.əm/ | يُورَانِيُوم, أُورَانِيُوم |
| reactor اسم | /ɹiˈæktɚ/ | مُفَاعِل |
| atom اسم | /ˈætəm/ | ذَرَّة |
| atomic صفة | /əˈtɑː.mɪk/ | نَوَوِيّ, ذَرِّيّ |
| laboratory اسم | /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/ | مَعْمَل, مُخْتَبَر |
| turbine اسم | /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ | عَنَفَة, تُرْبِين |
| liquid اسم | /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ | سَائِل, مَائِع |
| scary صفة | /ˈskɛə.ɹi/ | مُجَفِّل |
| filter اسم | /ˈfɪltɚ/ | مِصْفَايَة |
| radiation اسم | /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ | إِشْعَاع |
| deposit اسم | /dɪˈpɑ.zɪt/ | وَدِيعَة |
| subscribe فعل | /səbˈskɹaɪb/ | اِشْتَرَكَ |
| sustain فعل | /səˈsteɪn/ | أَبْقَى |
| topic اسم | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | مَوْضُوع, مَوَاضِيع |
| finger اسم | /ˈfɪŋɡɚ/ | إِصْبَع, بَنَان |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| come up with فعل | جَاءَ بِـ, أَتَى بِـ | |
| cut off فعل | /ˌkʌt ˈɔf/ [ˌkɐɾ ˈɔf] | قَطَعَ |
| go down فعل | نَزَلَ | |
| heat up فعل | سَخَّنَ | |
| throw away فعل | طَرَحَ |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 46 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل I'm, we're, don't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, proliferation /pɹəˌlɪf.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, recognition /ˌɹɛkəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n/, trash /tɹæʃ/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: uranium /ˌjuː.ˈɹeɪ.ni.əm/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, radioactive /ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل uranium, reactor, atom.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المضارع التام المستمر have/has been + -ing — حدث بدأ سابقًا وما زال مستمرًا | have been doing · we've been having |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | being developed · was built · was born |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | we've already built · you've been told · you've broken |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | Oklo, which is · enrichment, which is · energy, which makes |
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.