تدريب Shadowing: Why is everything getting so expensive? - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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on my way to the grocery store mentally preparing myself for the sticker shock here
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we are wish me luck got my diapers
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it might be something else for you for me it's diapers is really where
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like i notice inflation the most one of the things that's interesting about this particular period of inflation
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that we're in is this is a worldwide phenomenon hi folks my question is about inflation.
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What is the real cause?
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Is it just COVID or we have others to blame?
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Thank you.
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Diapers in the U .S., food in Ghana, and home prices in India.
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What actually caused all this inflation?
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And is there something we can do about it?
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If you watch cable news in the U .S., you will see one explanation for inflation that gets a lot of attention.
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There's still too much money chasing too few goods.
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Too much money chasing too few goods.
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Say I have a car dealership.
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Say we're in a global pandemic.
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Factories are shutting down periodically and I'm just not able to keep as many cars on my lot.
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My inventory is low.
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But at the same time, I have customers willing to spend money on my cars.
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My inventory starts to dwindle and now there's more customers than there are cars.
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So I can just increase the price.
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Too much money chasing too few goods.
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Economists like this guy, Larry Summers, he's been sounding the alarm bell about this kind of inflation from the beginning.
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I am much more worried that we'll have inflation.
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This is the least responsible macroeconomic policies we've had in the last 40 years.
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He is talking about those pandemic relief checks.
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Before we can figure out if Larry Summers is right,
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We need to take a closer look at exactly how inflation is measured in the first place.
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Once a month, the U .S.
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Bureau of Labor Statistics puts together what it calls a market basket.
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These data are specific to the U .S., but you can find similar numbers around the world.
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The BLS looks at the prices for different goods and services like housing, electricity, apparel, prescription drugs, bakery products, dairy.
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They look at the price we're paying this month
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and then compare it to the price for same good or service last month or last year.
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Then they calculate a single percentage that captures all of that change.
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And that's the Consumer Price Index, or CPI.
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And it's true, the Consumer Price Index has been rising steadily for the past couple of years.
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Here's when those stimulus checks went out.
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But now let's take a closer look at some of the specific goods and services that make up the CPI.
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Some things are way more expensive than this time last year.
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Like fuel oil, airline fares, gas, baked goods, dairy products.
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But there is some stuff that's held fairly steady.
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In a normal healthy economy, the Federal Reserve expects for inflation to be about 2 % a year.
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And for stuff like clothing, prescription drugs, and education, prices are only slightly above that 2 % mark.
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For used cars and trucks, gasoline and communication, that's your phone plan, internet, streaming, prices are actually lower than this time last year.
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It seems a bit more complicated than simply people have too much money.
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If that were the only problem, wouldn't everything be more expensive?
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So unfortunately for me, the Bureau of Labor Statistics doesn't actually track the price of diapers as part of the CPI.
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But I did find a private research firm, Nielsen IQ, that does.
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So Nielsen looks at something called the unit price.
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Basically they take the box of diapers, divide it by how many diapers are in the box, and that gives you the unit price.
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They get a bunch of different brands and then come up with this average.
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So in 2019, the average unit price for diapers was 16 .1 cents.
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If prices had gone up at that expected 2 % annual inflation rate, January of 2023 would have seen me paying 17 .4 cents per diaper.
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But of course, that's not what the last few years have looked like.
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If the price of diapers had increased at the same rate as the CPI, I would be paying 19 cents per diaper in January of 2023.
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But no, no, no, no, I am currently paying 21 cents per diaper, an increase of over 30%.
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So why is it that the price of diapers is rising so much faster than the price of all these other goods?
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You can think of the cost of a business in a couple of ways, right?
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There's the wages that you pay for workers.
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There are investments in capital, in the machinery itself.
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And all of that adds up to the cost of production.
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And then there's the cost that you actually sell the good at.
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And the difference between those two costs are called a markup.
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One of the things that makes it difficult to report on inflation is that reporters and consumers,
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we don't know how much it costs companies to pay their workers.
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We don't know how much it costs them to import the materials that they need.
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But we can guess.
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Take labor costs, for example.
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We know that from 2019 to 2023, the average hourly wage for someone working in manufacturing rose by about 17%.
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Now, that is faster than what you would expect under normal 2 % annual inflation.
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But when you consider the fact that corporations have successfully kept wages
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so low in the years leading up to that point that they were actually declining relative to inflation,
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this recent bump starts to look more like a kind of return to normalcy.
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Okay, but what about the cost of materials?
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I went to the Pampers website and looked at what goes into making a diaper.
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It turns out this stuff is made out of wood
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and these are all plastics which are made by refining petroleum in slightly different ways.
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According to the Federal Reserve's producer price index, the average price for both of these materials, wood pulp and plastic products,
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has risen significantly over the past five years, but both of these rising input costs still don't completely explain the price hike in diapers.
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One of the reasons I really wanted to talk to Rakeen is
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that she and her colleagues have listened to hundreds and hundreds of hours of earnings calls.
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What we found is big corporations who are jacking up prices beyond what their production costs would justify.
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These are some transcripts of those earnings calls that Rakeen and her colleagues have been listening to.
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The CEO of Hostess Brands, for example, says of these price hikes, consumers get used to it.
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When all prices go up, it helps.
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A Tyson Foods executive claimed that price increases for beef more than offset the higher costs.
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Visa's CEO says that, historically, inflation has been a positive for us.
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All three of these corporations experienced record profits over the past three years.
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But what they did with those profits is instructive.
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They paid that money out to their shareholders and raised prices for the rest of us.
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So we have our three theories for this current moment of inflation.
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Too much money floating around, supply shocks, and massive markups.
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Unfortunately, it's probably going to be months
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or maybe even years before we have all of the data necessary to figure out
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which one of these three explanations holds the most weight.
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But there are still things we can do to help bring prices down.
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When we think of inflation in a really singular way,
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I think that really limits the vast panoply of tools that we actually have to fight this problem.
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Let's start with a tool that the Federal Reserve has already busted out, raising interest rates.
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The way that works is it makes it more expensive for companies to borrow money,
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which makes it harder for them to invest in new projects and hire new people.
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So far, the Fed has raised interest rates eight times, and the unemployment rate has stayed pretty low.
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But that could change if the Fed keeps raising rates.
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The last time inflation got super high, back in the early 80s, the Fed did huge interest rate hikes, and inflation did go down.
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But look what happened to unemployment.
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It shot way up.
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By 1982, 1 in 10 people were out of work.
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In the last month of 2022, prices were starting to come down in some key areas.
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Dairy, fruits and veggies, airline fares.
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Prices for these two items, gasoline and fuel oil, are way down.
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And the reason likely has very little to do with raising interest rates.
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Over the past 12 months, President Biden released millions of barrels of oil from the U .S.
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emergency stockpile, which increased global supply and drove down the price.
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There's precedent for doing this in other areas of the economy.
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In 1939, U .S.
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President Franklin Roosevelt asked
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Congress for nearly $900 million to help the airline industry quadruple their output.
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Ships, planes, tanks, guns.
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That is our purpose and our pledge.
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Something Rakeen told me about diapers got me thinking about a third way we might start bringing prices down.
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Turns out that somewhere between 70 % and 80 % of all the diapers produced in the U .S.
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are made by two companies.
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This honestly threw me a little bit, but then I went back and looked at some of that footage that I shot in the grocery store.
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Loves, Pampers, Ninjamas — those are all made by Procter & Gamble.
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Huggies, Pull -Ups, Good Nights — all made by Kimberly Clark.
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So while it looks like parents have a lot of choices in the diaper aisle, we actually don't.
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Policymakers have allowed really rampant deregulation that has facilitated these companies having
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so much power in a way that they can jack up prices without any cost to them.
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That supply dial and that corporate power dial, we've let them get dusty.
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We do not, and we never did, have to throw workers under the bus in order to bring down prices.
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I'll see you next time.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “Why is everything getting so expensive?”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: price, inflation, diaper, cost, rate. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 124 جملة و1663 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 9:33. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة طبيعية، نحو 174 كلمة في الدقيقة، قريبة من المحادثة اليومية. 84% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| inflation اسم | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | تَضَخُّم |
| chase فعل | /t͡ʃeɪs/ | طَارَدَ |
| wage اسم | /weɪd͡ʒ/ | أَجْر, رَاتِب |
| worker اسم | /ˈwɝ.kɚ/ | عَامِل, عَامِلَة |
| dairy اسم | /ˈdɛə.ɹi/ | مشتقات الحليب |
| airline اسم | /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/ | شَرِكَة طَيَرَان, خُطُوط جَوِيَّة |
| shock اسم | /ʃɔk/ | صَدْمَة |
| explanation اسم | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | تَفْسِير, شَرْح |
| unemployment اسم | /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/ | بِطَالَة, بَطَالَة |
| inventory اسم | /ˈɪn.vən.tɹi/ | جَرْد |
| prescription اسم | /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/ | وَصْفَة طِبِّيَّة, وَصْفَة |
| colleague اسم | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | شَرِيك, شَرِيكَة |
| fare اسم | /ˈfɛə/ | أُجْرَة, تَوْصِيلَة |
| gasoline اسم | /ˈɡæs.ə.liːn/ | بَنْزِين, بِنْزِين |
| vast صفة | /væst/ | شَاسِع, وَاسِع |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| come up with فعل | جَاءَ بِـ, أَتَى بِـ |
| go down فعل | نَزَلَ |
| go out فعل | خَرَجَ |
| go up فعل | صَعِدَ, يَصْعَدُ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المضارع التام المستمر have/has been + -ing — حدث بدأ سابقًا وما زال مستمرًا | he's been sounding · has been rising · have been listening |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | we've had · have looked · has risen |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | is measured · are called · is made |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 13 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل don't, we're, we've. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, prescription /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, unemployment /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, unemployment /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, prescription /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/, percentage /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: inventory /ˈɪn.vən.tɹi/, vast /væst/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, invest /ɪnˈvɛst/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, unemployment /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, inventory /ˈɪn.vən.tɹi/, grocery /ˈɡɹəʊ.s(ə.)ɹi/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل inflation, chase, wage.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.