ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Why is everything getting so expensive?

on my way to the grocery store mentally preparing myself for the sticker shock here

we are wish me luck got my diapers

it might be something else for you for me it's diapers is really where

like i notice inflation the most one of the things that's interesting about this particular period of inflation

that we're in is this is a worldwide phenomenon hi folks my question is about inflation.

What is the real cause?

Is it just COVID or we have others to blame?

Thank you.

Diapers in the U .S., food in Ghana, and home prices in India.

What actually caused all this inflation?

And is there something we can do about it?

If you watch cable news in the U .S., you will see one explanation for inflation that gets a lot of attention.

There's still too much money chasing too few goods.

Too much money chasing too few goods.

Say I have a car dealership.

Say we're in a global pandemic.

Factories are shutting down periodically and I'm just not able to keep as many cars on my lot.

My inventory is low.

But at the same time, I have customers willing to spend money on my cars.

My inventory starts to dwindle and now there's more customers than there are cars.

So I can just increase the price.

Too much money chasing too few goods.

Economists like this guy, Larry Summers, he's been sounding the alarm bell about this kind of inflation from the beginning.

I am much more worried that we'll have inflation.

This is the least responsible macroeconomic policies we've had in the last 40 years.

He is talking about those pandemic relief checks.

Before we can figure out if Larry Summers is right,

We need to take a closer look at exactly how inflation is measured in the first place.

Once a month, the U .S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics puts together what it calls a market basket.

These data are specific to the U .S., but you can find similar numbers around the world.

The BLS looks at the prices for different goods and services like housing, electricity, apparel, prescription drugs, bakery products, dairy.

They look at the price we're paying this month

and then compare it to the price for same good or service last month or last year.

Then they calculate a single percentage that captures all of that change.

And that's the Consumer Price Index, or CPI.

And it's true, the Consumer Price Index has been rising steadily for the past couple of years.

Here's when those stimulus checks went out.

But now let's take a closer look at some of the specific goods and services that make up the CPI.

Some things are way more expensive than this time last year.

Like fuel oil, airline fares, gas, baked goods, dairy products.

But there is some stuff that's held fairly steady.

In a normal healthy economy, the Federal Reserve expects for inflation to be about 2 % a year.

And for stuff like clothing, prescription drugs, and education, prices are only slightly above that 2 % mark.

For used cars and trucks, gasoline and communication, that's your phone plan, internet, streaming, prices are actually lower than this time last year.

It seems a bit more complicated than simply people have too much money.

If that were the only problem, wouldn't everything be more expensive?

So unfortunately for me, the Bureau of Labor Statistics doesn't actually track the price of diapers as part of the CPI.

But I did find a private research firm, Nielsen IQ, that does.

So Nielsen looks at something called the unit price.

Basically they take the box of diapers, divide it by how many diapers are in the box, and that gives you the unit price.

They get a bunch of different brands and then come up with this average.

So in 2019, the average unit price for diapers was 16 .1 cents.

If prices had gone up at that expected 2 % annual inflation rate, January of 2023 would have seen me paying 17 .4 cents per diaper.

But of course, that's not what the last few years have looked like.

If the price of diapers had increased at the same rate as the CPI, I would be paying 19 cents per diaper in January of 2023.

But no, no, no, no, I am currently paying 21 cents per diaper, an increase of over 30%.

So why is it that the price of diapers is rising so much faster than the price of all these other goods?

You can think of the cost of a business in a couple of ways, right?

There's the wages that you pay for workers.

There are investments in capital, in the machinery itself.

And all of that adds up to the cost of production.

And then there's the cost that you actually sell the good at.

And the difference between those two costs are called a markup.

One of the things that makes it difficult to report on inflation is that reporters and consumers,

we don't know how much it costs companies to pay their workers.

We don't know how much it costs them to import the materials that they need.

But we can guess.

Take labor costs, for example.

We know that from 2019 to 2023, the average hourly wage for someone working in manufacturing rose by about 17%.

Now, that is faster than what you would expect under normal 2 % annual inflation.

But when you consider the fact that corporations have successfully kept wages

so low in the years leading up to that point that they were actually declining relative to inflation,

this recent bump starts to look more like a kind of return to normalcy.

Okay, but what about the cost of materials?

I went to the Pampers website and looked at what goes into making a diaper.

It turns out this stuff is made out of wood

and these are all plastics which are made by refining petroleum in slightly different ways.

According to the Federal Reserve's producer price index, the average price for both of these materials, wood pulp and plastic products,

has risen significantly over the past five years, but both of these rising input costs still don't completely explain the price hike in diapers.

One of the reasons I really wanted to talk to Rakeen is

that she and her colleagues have listened to hundreds and hundreds of hours of earnings calls.

What we found is big corporations who are jacking up prices beyond what their production costs would justify.

These are some transcripts of those earnings calls that Rakeen and her colleagues have been listening to.

The CEO of Hostess Brands, for example, says of these price hikes, consumers get used to it.

When all prices go up, it helps.

A Tyson Foods executive claimed that price increases for beef more than offset the higher costs.

Visa's CEO says that, historically, inflation has been a positive for us.

All three of these corporations experienced record profits over the past three years.

But what they did with those profits is instructive.

They paid that money out to their shareholders and raised prices for the rest of us.

So we have our three theories for this current moment of inflation.

Too much money floating around, supply shocks, and massive markups.

Unfortunately, it's probably going to be months

or maybe even years before we have all of the data necessary to figure out

which one of these three explanations holds the most weight.

But there are still things we can do to help bring prices down.

When we think of inflation in a really singular way,

I think that really limits the vast panoply of tools that we actually have to fight this problem.

100

Let's start with a tool that the Federal Reserve has already busted out, raising interest rates.

101

The way that works is it makes it more expensive for companies to borrow money,

102

which makes it harder for them to invest in new projects and hire new people.

103

So far, the Fed has raised interest rates eight times, and the unemployment rate has stayed pretty low.

104

But that could change if the Fed keeps raising rates.

105

The last time inflation got super high, back in the early 80s, the Fed did huge interest rate hikes, and inflation did go down.

106

But look what happened to unemployment.

107

It shot way up.

108

By 1982, 1 in 10 people were out of work.

109

In the last month of 2022, prices were starting to come down in some key areas.

110

Dairy, fruits and veggies, airline fares.

111

Prices for these two items, gasoline and fuel oil, are way down.

112

And the reason likely has very little to do with raising interest rates.

113

Over the past 12 months, President Biden released millions of barrels of oil from the U .S.

114

emergency stockpile, which increased global supply and drove down the price.

115

There's precedent for doing this in other areas of the economy.

116

In 1939, U .S.

117

President Franklin Roosevelt asked

118

Congress for nearly $900 million to help the airline industry quadruple their output.

119

Ships, planes, tanks, guns.

120

That is our purpose and our pledge.

121

Something Rakeen told me about diapers got me thinking about a third way we might start bringing prices down.

122

Turns out that somewhere between 70 % and 80 % of all the diapers produced in the U .S.

123

are made by two companies.

124

This honestly threw me a little bit, but then I went back and looked at some of that footage that I shot in the grocery store.

125

Loves, Pampers, Ninjamas — those are all made by Procter & Gamble.

126

Huggies, Pull -Ups, Good Nights — all made by Kimberly Clark.

127

So while it looks like parents have a lot of choices in the diaper aisle, we actually don't.

128

Policymakers have allowed really rampant deregulation that has facilitated these companies having

129

so much power in a way that they can jack up prices without any cost to them.

130

That supply dial and that corporate power dial, we've let them get dusty.

131

We do not, and we never did, have to throw workers under the bus in order to bring down prices.

132

I'll see you next time.

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Why is everything getting so expensive?” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: price, inflation, diaper, cost, rate วิดีโอนี้มี 124 ประโยค และ 1663 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 9:33 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 174 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 84% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
inflation คำนาม	/ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/	เงินเฟ้อ, ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ
chase คำกริยา	/t͡ʃeɪs/	กวด
wage คำนาม	/weɪd͡ʒ/	ค่าจ้าง, ค่าแรง
worker คำนาม	/ˈwɝ.kɚ/	คนงาน, กรรมกร
dairy คำนาม	/ˈdɛə.ɹi/	ผลิตภัณฑ์นม
airline คำนาม	/ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/	สายการบิน
explanation คำนาม	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	การอธิบาย
unemployment คำนาม	/ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/	การว่างงาน
prescription คำนาม	/pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/	ใบสั่งยา
colleague คำนาม	/ˈkɒliːɡ/	เพื่อนร่วมงาน
fare คำนาม	/ˈfɛə/	ค่าโดยสาร
gasoline คำนาม	/ˈɡæs.ə.liːn/	เบนซิน, แกโซลีน
vast คำคุณศัพท์	/væst/	ว้างเวิ้ง, ไพศาล
percentage คำนาม	/pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/	อัตราร้อยละ
relative คำนาม	/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/	ญาติ, ญาติพี่น้อง

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
go back คำกริยา	กลับไป
go out คำกริยา	ออก, ออกไป

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — การกระทำที่เริ่มก่อนหน้านี้และยังดำเนินอยู่	he's been sounding · has been rising · have been listening
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	we've had · have looked · has risen
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	is measured · are called · is made

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 13 ครั้ง เช่น don't, we're, we've ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, prescription /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, unemployment /ʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, successfully /səkˈsɛs.fə.li/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/

เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:

เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: chase /t͡ʃeɪs/, wage /weɪd͡ʒ/, dial /ˈdaɪ.əl/, percentage /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/
/v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: inventory /ˈɪn.vən.tɹi/, vast /væst/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, invest /ɪnˈvɛst/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/
/r/ กับ /l/ — แยกให้ชัด: airline /ˈɛɹˌlaɪn/, relative /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, alarm /əˈlɑɹm/, barrel /ˈbæɹəl/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง inflation, chase, wage เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Why is everything getting so expensive?

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คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?