Shadowing Practice: Black Holes Explained – From Birth to Death - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Black holes are one of the strangest things in existence.
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They don't seem to make any sense at all.
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Where do they come from?
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And what happens if you fall into one?
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Bye.
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Stars are incredibly massive collections of mostly hydrogen atoms that collapse from enormous gas clouds under their own gravity.
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In their core, nuclear fusion crushes hydrogen atoms into helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy.
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This energy, in the form of radiation, pushes against gravity, maintaining a delicate balance between the two forces.
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As long as there is fusion in the core, a star remains stable enough.
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But for stars with way more mass than our own Sun, the heat and pressure at the core allow them to fuse heavier elements until they reach iron.
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Unlike all the elements that went before, the fusion process that creates iron doesn't generate any energy.
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Iron builds up at the center of the star until it reaches a critical amount, and the balance between radiation and gravity is suddenly broken.
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a fraction of a second, the star implodes, moving at about a quarter of the speed of light, feeding even more mass into the core.
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It's at this very moment
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that all the heavier elements in the universe are created as the star dies in a supernova explosion.
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This produces either a neutron star, or if the star is massive enough, the entire mass of the core collapses into a black hole.
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If you looked at a black hole, what you'd really be seeing is the event horizon.
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Anything that crosses the event horizon needs to be traveling faster than the speed of light to escape.
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In other words, it's impossible.
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So we just see a black sphere, reflecting nothing.
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But if the event horizon is the black part, what is the whole part of the black hole?
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The singularity.
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We're not sure what it is exactly.
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A singularity may be infinitely dense, meaning all its mass is concentrated into a single point in space, with no surface or volume.
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Or something completely different.
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Right now, we just don't know.
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It's like a dividing by zero error.
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things up like a vacuum cleaner.
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If we were to swap the Sun for an equally massive black hole, nothing much would change for Earth, except that we would freeze to death, of course.
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What would happen to you if you fell into a black hole?
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The experience of time is different around black holes.
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From the outside, you seem to slow down as you approach the event horizon, so time passes slower for you.
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At some point, you would appear to freeze in time, slowly turn red, and disappear.
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While from your perspective, you can watch the rest of the kind of like seeing into the future.
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Right now, we don't know what happens next, but we think it could be one of two things.
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One, the end.
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You die a quick death.
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A black hole curves space so much that once you cross the event horizon, there is only one possible direction.
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You can take this literally inside the event horizon.
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You can only go in one direction.
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It's like being in a really tight alley that closes behind you after each step.
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The mass of a black hole is so concentrated, at some point even tiny distances of a few centimeters,
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would mean that gravity acts with millions of times more force on different parts of your body.
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and more until you're a hot stream of plasma one atom wide.
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Two, you die a very quick death.
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Very soon after you cross the event horizon, you would hit a firewall and be terminated in an instant.
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Neither of these options are particularly pleasant.
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How soon you would die depends on the mass of the black hole.
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A smaller black hole would kill you before you even entered its event horizon, while you probably could travel inside a supermassive black hole for quite a while.
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As a rule of thumb, longer you live.
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Black holes come in different sizes.
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There are stellar mass black holes, with a few times the mass of the Sun and the diameter of an asteroid.
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And then there are these supermassive black holes, which are found at the heart of every galaxy and have been feeding for billions of years.
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Currently, the largest supermassive black hole known is S50014 +81,
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40 billion times the mass of which is 47 times the distance from the Sun to Pluto.
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As powerful as black holes are, they will eventually evaporate through a process called Hawking radiation.
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To understand how this works, we have to look at empty space.
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Empty space is not really empty, but filled with virtual particles popping into existence and annihilating each other again.
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When this happens right on the edge of a black hole, one of the virtual particles will be drawn into the black hole, and the other will escape and become a real particle.
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So the black hole is losing energy.
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This happens incredibly slowly at first, and gets faster as the black hole becomes smaller.
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When it has the mass of a mountain, it radiates with about the heat of our sun, and in the last second of its life, the black hole radiates away with the energy of billions of nuclear bombs in a huge explosion.
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But this process is incredibly slow.
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The biggest black holes we know might take up to a googol years to evaporate.
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This is so long that when the last black hole radiates away, nobody will be around to witness it.
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The universe will have become uninhabitable long before then.
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This is not the end of our story.
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There are loads more interesting ideas about black holes.
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We'll explore them in part two.
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A big thanks to Fraser Cain for help with this video.
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By the way, we've made some Kurzgesagt wallpaper in 4K for different screen sizes.
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You can get them on our Patreon page, which also helps us to make more videos.
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Like this December, the first month ever with 3 videos.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 74 frases y 1015 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:54. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 172 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 83 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
- horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/ (sustantivo) — horizonte. The visible horizontal line (in all directions) where the sky appears to meet the earth in the distance.
- gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/ (sustantivo) — gravedad. Of an activity such as a ceremony, a person's conduct, etc.: the quality of being deeply serious and solemn, especially in a dignified manner; seriousness…
- element /ˈɛləmənt/ (sustantivo) — elemento. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.
- incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/ (adverbio) — increíblemente. In an incredible manner; not to be believed.
- radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ (sustantivo) — radiación. The shooting forth of anything from a point or surface, like diverging rays of light.
- fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/ (sustantivo) — fusión. The act of merging separate things, or the result thereof.
- particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (sustantivo) — partícula. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
- atom /ˈætəm/ (sustantivo) — átomo. The smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ (adjetivo) — virtual. In effect or essence, rather than in fact or reality; also, imitated, simulated.
- explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ (sustantivo) — explosión. A violent release of energy (sometimes mechanical, nuclear, or chemical); an act or instance of exploding.
- collapse /kəˈlæps/ (verbo) — derrumbarse, desplomarse. To break apart and fall down suddenly; to cave in.
- freeze /ˈfɹiːz/ (verbo) — helarse, congelarse. Especially of a liquid, to become solid due to low temperature.
- concentrate /ˈkɑn.sən.tɹeɪt/ (verbo) — concentrar. To bring to, or direct toward, a common center; to unite more closely; to gather into one body, mass, or force.
- hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ (sustantivo) — hidrógeno. The lightest chemical element (symbol H), with an atomic number of 1 and atomic weight of 1.008.
- stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (sustantivo) — establo, cuadra. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
- look at (verbo) — mirar, funar. To observe or watch.
- come from (verbo) — ser de. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
- slow down (verbo) — desacelerar, decelerar. To decelerate.
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 9 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, doesn't, we'll. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, collections /kəˈlɛkʃənz/, crush /kɹʌʃ/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, infinitely /ˈɪnfɪnɪtli/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como horizon, gravity, element.
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are created · is concentrated · be terminated |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | have become · we've made |
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.