Shadowing Practice: Black Holes Explained – From Birth to Death - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Black holes are one of the strangest things in existence.
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They don't seem to make any sense at all.
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Where do they come from?
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And what happens if you fall into one?
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Bye.
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Stars are incredibly massive collections of mostly hydrogen atoms that collapse from enormous gas clouds under their own gravity.
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In their core, nuclear fusion crushes hydrogen atoms into helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy.
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This energy, in the form of radiation, pushes against gravity, maintaining a delicate balance between the two forces.
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As long as there is fusion in the core, a star remains stable enough.
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But for stars with way more mass than our own Sun, the heat and pressure at the core allow them to fuse heavier elements until they reach iron.
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Unlike all the elements that went before, the fusion process that creates iron doesn't generate any energy.
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Iron builds up at the center of the star until it reaches a critical amount, and the balance between radiation and gravity is suddenly broken.
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a fraction of a second, the star implodes, moving at about a quarter of the speed of light, feeding even more mass into the core.
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It's at this very moment
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that all the heavier elements in the universe are created as the star dies in a supernova explosion.
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This produces either a neutron star, or if the star is massive enough, the entire mass of the core collapses into a black hole.
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If you looked at a black hole, what you'd really be seeing is the event horizon.
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Anything that crosses the event horizon needs to be traveling faster than the speed of light to escape.
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In other words, it's impossible.
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So we just see a black sphere, reflecting nothing.
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But if the event horizon is the black part, what is the whole part of the black hole?
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The singularity.
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We're not sure what it is exactly.
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A singularity may be infinitely dense, meaning all its mass is concentrated into a single point in space, with no surface or volume.
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Or something completely different.
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Right now, we just don't know.
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It's like a dividing by zero error.
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things up like a vacuum cleaner.
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If we were to swap the Sun for an equally massive black hole, nothing much would change for Earth, except that we would freeze to death, of course.
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What would happen to you if you fell into a black hole?
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The experience of time is different around black holes.
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From the outside, you seem to slow down as you approach the event horizon, so time passes slower for you.
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At some point, you would appear to freeze in time, slowly turn red, and disappear.
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While from your perspective, you can watch the rest of the kind of like seeing into the future.
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Right now, we don't know what happens next, but we think it could be one of two things.
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One, the end.
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You die a quick death.
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A black hole curves space so much that once you cross the event horizon, there is only one possible direction.
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You can take this literally inside the event horizon.
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You can only go in one direction.
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It's like being in a really tight alley that closes behind you after each step.
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The mass of a black hole is so concentrated, at some point even tiny distances of a few centimeters,
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would mean that gravity acts with millions of times more force on different parts of your body.
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and more until you're a hot stream of plasma one atom wide.
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Two, you die a very quick death.
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Very soon after you cross the event horizon, you would hit a firewall and be terminated in an instant.
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Neither of these options are particularly pleasant.
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How soon you would die depends on the mass of the black hole.
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A smaller black hole would kill you before you even entered its event horizon, while you probably could travel inside a supermassive black hole for quite a while.
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As a rule of thumb, longer you live.
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Black holes come in different sizes.
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There are stellar mass black holes, with a few times the mass of the Sun and the diameter of an asteroid.
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And then there are these supermassive black holes, which are found at the heart of every galaxy and have been feeding for billions of years.
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Currently, the largest supermassive black hole known is S50014 +81,
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40 billion times the mass of which is 47 times the distance from the Sun to Pluto.
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As powerful as black holes are, they will eventually evaporate through a process called Hawking radiation.
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To understand how this works, we have to look at empty space.
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Empty space is not really empty, but filled with virtual particles popping into existence and annihilating each other again.
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When this happens right on the edge of a black hole, one of the virtual particles will be drawn into the black hole, and the other will escape and become a real particle.
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So the black hole is losing energy.
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This happens incredibly slowly at first, and gets faster as the black hole becomes smaller.
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When it has the mass of a mountain, it radiates with about the heat of our sun, and in the last second of its life, the black hole radiates away with the energy of billions of nuclear bombs in a huge explosion.
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But this process is incredibly slow.
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The biggest black holes we know might take up to a googol years to evaporate.
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This is so long that when the last black hole radiates away, nobody will be around to witness it.
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The universe will have become uninhabitable long before then.
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This is not the end of our story.
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There are loads more interesting ideas about black holes.
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We'll explore them in part two.
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A big thanks to Fraser Cain for help with this video.
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By the way, we've made some Kurzgesagt wallpaper in 4K for different screen sizes.
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You can get them on our Patreon page, which also helps us to make more videos.
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Like this December, the first month ever with 3 videos.
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you
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 74 cümle ve 1015 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:54 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 172 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %83’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan daha az kullanılan 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
- horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/ (isim) — ufuk, ufuk çizgisi. The visible horizontal line (in all directions) where the sky appears to meet the earth in the distance.
- gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/ (isim) — ağırbaşlılık, ciddiyet. Of an activity such as a ceremony, a person's conduct, etc.: the quality of being deeply serious and solemn, especially in a dignified manner; seriousness…
- element /ˈɛləmənt/ (isim) — öğe, eleman. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based.
- radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ (isim) — ışınım. The shooting forth of anything from a point or surface, like diverging rays of light.
- particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (isim) — parçacık. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
- atom /ˈætəm/ (isim) — atom. The smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
- virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ (sıfat) — sanal. In effect or essence, rather than in fact or reality; also, imitated, simulated.
- explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/ (isim) — patlama. A violent release of energy (sometimes mechanical, nuclear, or chemical); an act or instance of exploding.
- collapse /kəˈlæps/ (fiil) — çökmek. To break apart and fall down suddenly; to cave in.
- freeze /ˈfɹiːz/ (fiil) — donmak. Especially of a liquid, to become solid due to low temperature.
- hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ (isim) — hidrojen, müvellidülmâ. The lightest chemical element (symbol H), with an atomic number of 1 and atomic weight of 1.008.
- stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ (isim) — ahır. A building, wing or dependency set apart and adapted for lodging and feeding (and training) ungulates, especially horses.
- cloud /ˈklaʊ̯d/ (isim) — bulut. A visible mass of water droplets suspended in the air.
- reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ (fiil) — yansıtmak. To bend back (light, etc.) from a surface.
- instant /ˈɪnstənt/ (isim) — an. A very short period of time; a moment.
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
- look at (fiil) — bakmak. To observe or watch.
- slow down (fiil) — yavaşlamak. To decelerate.
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı don't, doesn't, we'll gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 9 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, collections /kəˈlɛkʃənz/, crush /kɹʌʃ/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, infinitely /ˈɪnfɪnɪtli/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; horizon, gravity, element gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | are created · is concentrated · be terminated |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have become · we've made |
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.