Shadowing Practice: Black Holes Explained – From Birth to Death - Learn English Speaking with Video
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74 משפטים
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1
Black holes are one of the strangest things in existence.
2
They don't seem to make any sense at all.
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Where do they come from?
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And what happens if you fall into one?
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Bye.
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Stars are incredibly massive collections of mostly hydrogen atoms that collapse from enormous gas clouds under their own gravity.
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In their core, nuclear fusion crushes hydrogen atoms into helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy.
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This energy, in the form of radiation, pushes against gravity, maintaining a delicate balance between the two forces.
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As long as there is fusion in the core, a star remains stable enough.
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But for stars with way more mass than our own Sun, the heat and pressure at the core allow them to fuse heavier elements until they reach iron.
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Unlike all the elements that went before, the fusion process that creates iron doesn't generate any energy.
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Iron builds up at the center of the star until it reaches a critical amount, and the balance between radiation and gravity is suddenly broken.
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a fraction of a second, the star implodes, moving at about a quarter of the speed of light, feeding even more mass into the core.
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It's at this very moment
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that all the heavier elements in the universe are created as the star dies in a supernova explosion.
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This produces either a neutron star, or if the star is massive enough, the entire mass of the core collapses into a black hole.
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If you looked at a black hole, what you'd really be seeing is the event horizon.
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Anything that crosses the event horizon needs to be traveling faster than the speed of light to escape.
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In other words, it's impossible.
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So we just see a black sphere, reflecting nothing.
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But if the event horizon is the black part, what is the whole part of the black hole?
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The singularity.
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We're not sure what it is exactly.
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A singularity may be infinitely dense, meaning all its mass is concentrated into a single point in space, with no surface or volume.
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Or something completely different.
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Right now, we just don't know.
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It's like a dividing by zero error.
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things up like a vacuum cleaner.
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If we were to swap the Sun for an equally massive black hole, nothing much would change for Earth, except that we would freeze to death, of course.
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What would happen to you if you fell into a black hole?
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The experience of time is different around black holes.
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From the outside, you seem to slow down as you approach the event horizon, so time passes slower for you.
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At some point, you would appear to freeze in time, slowly turn red, and disappear.
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While from your perspective, you can watch the rest of the kind of like seeing into the future.
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Right now, we don't know what happens next, but we think it could be one of two things.
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One, the end.
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You die a quick death.
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A black hole curves space so much that once you cross the event horizon, there is only one possible direction.
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You can take this literally inside the event horizon.
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You can only go in one direction.
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It's like being in a really tight alley that closes behind you after each step.
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The mass of a black hole is so concentrated, at some point even tiny distances of a few centimeters,
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would mean that gravity acts with millions of times more force on different parts of your body.
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and more until you're a hot stream of plasma one atom wide.
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Two, you die a very quick death.
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Very soon after you cross the event horizon, you would hit a firewall and be terminated in an instant.
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Neither of these options are particularly pleasant.
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How soon you would die depends on the mass of the black hole.
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A smaller black hole would kill you before you even entered its event horizon, while you probably could travel inside a supermassive black hole for quite a while.
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As a rule of thumb, longer you live.
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Black holes come in different sizes.
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There are stellar mass black holes, with a few times the mass of the Sun and the diameter of an asteroid.
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And then there are these supermassive black holes, which are found at the heart of every galaxy and have been feeding for billions of years.
54
Currently, the largest supermassive black hole known is S50014 +81,
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40 billion times the mass of which is 47 times the distance from the Sun to Pluto.
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As powerful as black holes are, they will eventually evaporate through a process called Hawking radiation.
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To understand how this works, we have to look at empty space.
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Empty space is not really empty, but filled with virtual particles popping into existence and annihilating each other again.
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When this happens right on the edge of a black hole, one of the virtual particles will be drawn into the black hole, and the other will escape and become a real particle.
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So the black hole is losing energy.
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This happens incredibly slowly at first, and gets faster as the black hole becomes smaller.
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When it has the mass of a mountain, it radiates with about the heat of our sun, and in the last second of its life, the black hole radiates away with the energy of billions of nuclear bombs in a huge explosion.
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But this process is incredibly slow.
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The biggest black holes we know might take up to a googol years to evaporate.
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This is so long that when the last black hole radiates away, nobody will be around to witness it.
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The universe will have become uninhabitable long before then.
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This is not the end of our story.
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There are loads more interesting ideas about black holes.
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We'll explore them in part two.
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A big thanks to Fraser Cain for help with this video.
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By the way, we've made some Kurzgesagt wallpaper in 4K for different screen sizes.
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You can get them on our Patreon page, which also helps us to make more videos.
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Like this December, the first month ever with 3 videos.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Black Holes Explained – From Birth to Death”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: hole, mass, horizon, event, star. בסרטון הזה יש 74 משפטים ו-1015 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 5:54. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-172 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. 83% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| horizon שם עצם | /həˈɹaɪ.zən/ | אופק \ אֹפֶק |
| radiate פועל | /ˈɹeɪdieɪt/ | קָרַן |
| atom שם עצם | /ˈætəm/ | אָטוֹם |
| particle שם עצם | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | חֶלְקִיק, גַרגִיר |
| hydrogen שם עצם | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | מֵימָן |
| annihilate פועל | /əˈnaɪ.ə.leɪt/ | הִשְׁמִיד, חִסֵּל |
| helium שם עצם | /ˈhiː.li.əm/ | הֶלְיוּם |
| neutron שם עצם | /ˈnu.tɹɑn/ | נֵיטרוֹן |
| supernova שם עצם | /ˌsuː.pə(ɹ)ˈnəʊ.və/ | סוּפֶּרְנוֹבָה |
| asteroid שם עצם | /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/ | אַסְטֶרוֹאִיד |
| terminate פועל | /ˈtɝmɪneɪ̯t/ | סיים |
| wallpaper שם עצם | /ˈwɔːlˌpeɪpə/ | טַפֶּט, טפיטי נייר |
| alley שם עצם | /ˈæl.i/ | סִמְטָה |
| sphere שם עצם | /sfɪɚ/ | כַּדּוּר, סְפֶרָה |
| plasma שם עצם | /ˈplæzmə/ | פְּלַזְמָה |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- We're not sure what it is exactly.
- Right now, we just don't know.
- What would happen to you if you fell into a black hole?
- We'll explore them in part two.
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-9 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו don't, doesn't, we'll. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/, singularity /ˌsɪŋɡjəˈlæɹətɪ/, annihilate /əˈnaɪ.ə.leɪt/, supernova /ˌsuː.pə(ɹ)ˈnəʊ.və/, uninhabitable /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: firewall /ˈfaɪ(ə)ɹˌwɔl/, wallpaper /ˈwɔːlˌpeɪpə/, swap /ˈswɑp/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: atom /ˈætəm/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/, singularity /ˌsɪŋɡjəˈlæɹətɪ/, uninhabitable /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl/, asteroid /ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: horizon /həˈɹaɪ.zən/, radiate /ˈɹeɪdieɪt/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/, singularity /ˌsɪŋɡjəˈlæɹətɪ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו horizon, radiate, atom.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.