Shadowing Practice: 'Self-Regulatory focus theory' and leadership | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4 - Learn English Speaking with Video

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You will hear part of a lecture about leadership introducing a theory called self -regulatory focus theory.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Today, I want to talk about self -regulatory focus theory.
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and how the actions of leaders can affect the way followers approach different situations.
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Self -regulatory focus theory is a theory developed by Torrey Higgins.
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He says that a person's focus at any given time is to either approach pleasure or avoid pain.
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These are two basic motivations that each and every one of us has
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and they cause us to have different kinds of goals.
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Promotion goals in different life situations emphasize achievement.
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Prevention goals are oriented towards the avoidance of punishment.
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In a specific situation, our thoughts might focus more on promotion goals or more on prevention goals.
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The theory suggests that two factors affect which goals we are focusing on.
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First, there is a chronic factor.
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This factor is connected to a person's personality and says
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that each person has a basic tendency to either focus more on promotion goals
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or focus more on prevention goals as part of his or her personality.
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Second, there is a situational factor, which means that the context we are in,
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can make us more likely to focus on one set of goals or the other.
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For example, we are more likely to be thinking about pleasure
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and to have promotion goals when we are spending time with a friend.
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In contrast, if we are working on an important project for our boss, we are more likely to try to avoid making mistakes.
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and therefore have more prevention goals in our mind.
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Research has shown that the goals we are focusing on at a given time affect the way we think.
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For example, when focusing on promotion goals,
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people consider their ideal self their aspirations and gains they don't think about what they can lose.
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So they think in a happier mode, they feel more inspired to change.
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When people are focusing on prevention goals, They think about their "ought" self.
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what are they supposed to be What are people expecting from them?
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They consider their obligations to others.
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As a result, they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could lose.
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Now that I have talked about the two focuses and how they affect people, I want to look at the idea that the way leaders behave,
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or their style of leading, can affect the focus that followers adopt in a specific situation.
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In talking about leadership, we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.
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Transformational leaders, when interacting with their followers,
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focus on their development In their words and actions, transformational leaders highlight change.
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Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.
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All of these things can encourage followers to think about what could be.
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In other words, they inspire a promotion focus in their followers.
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In contrast, transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures that tell their followers exactly what is expected of them.
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While they do explain the rewards people will get for following orders,
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They emphasize more how a follower will be punished or that a follower won't get rewarded
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if his or her behavior doesn't change.
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In short, they emphasize the consequences of making a mistake.
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This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on avoiding punishment and problems.
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This is clearly a prevention focus.
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In conclusion, it is important to understand that one focus is not necessarily better than the other one.
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For a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed, a promotion focus is probably better.
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In contrast, a prevention focus, which causes people to work more cautiously and produce higher quality work
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might be very appropriate for a job like a surgeon, for example.
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The main point of the research,
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though, is that the actions of leaders can greatly influence whether people approach a situation with more of a promotion focus,
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or more of a prevention focus.
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That is the end of section four.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Este vídeo tiene 57 frases y 700 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 7:32. El hablante habla despacio, unas 93 palabras por minuto, así que hay tiempo para imitar cada sonido. El 82 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
follower sustantivo/ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/seguidor
promotion sustantivo/pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/ascenso, promoción
prevention sustantivo/pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/prevención
contrast sustantivo/kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/contraste
regulatory adjetivo/ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə.t(ɔː.)ɹi/regulatorio, regulador
emphasize verbo/ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/enfatizar, hacer hincapié
punishment sustantivo/ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/castigo, escarmiento
reward sustantivo/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/recompensa
inspire verbo/ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/inspirar, infundir
necessarily adverbio/ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/necesariamente
carefully adverbio/ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/cuidadosamente
anxiety sustantivo/æŋˈzaɪ.əti/zozobra, ansiedad
encourage verbo/ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/alentar, arengar
ideal adjetivo/aɪˈdi(ə)l/ideal, idóneo
designer sustantivo/dɪˈzaɪnɚ/diseñador, diseñadora

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

EstructuraEn el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo haceare oriented · is connected · is expected
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahorahas shown · have talked

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 3 contracciones y formas reducidas, como doesn't, don't, won't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/, prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: regulatory /ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə.t(ɔː.)ɹi/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como follower, promotion, prevention.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →