शैडोइंग अभ्यास: 'Self-Regulatory focus theory' and leadership | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
1
You will hear part of a lecture about leadership introducing a theory called self -regulatory focus theory.
2
First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Today, I want to talk about self -regulatory focus theory.
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and how the actions of leaders can affect the way followers approach different situations.
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Self -regulatory focus theory is a theory developed by Torrey Higgins.
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He says that a person's focus at any given time is to either approach pleasure or avoid pain.
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These are two basic motivations that each and every one of us has
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and they cause us to have different kinds of goals.
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Promotion goals in different life situations emphasize achievement.
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Prevention goals are oriented towards the avoidance of punishment.
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In a specific situation, our thoughts might focus more on promotion goals or more on prevention goals.
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The theory suggests that two factors affect which goals we are focusing on.
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First, there is a chronic factor.
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This factor is connected to a person's personality and says
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that each person has a basic tendency to either focus more on promotion goals
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or focus more on prevention goals as part of his or her personality.
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Second, there is a situational factor, which means that the context we are in,
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can make us more likely to focus on one set of goals or the other.
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For example, we are more likely to be thinking about pleasure
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and to have promotion goals when we are spending time with a friend.
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In contrast, if we are working on an important project for our boss, we are more likely to try to avoid making mistakes.
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and therefore have more prevention goals in our mind.
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Research has shown that the goals we are focusing on at a given time affect the way we think.
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For example, when focusing on promotion goals,
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people consider their ideal self their aspirations and gains they don't think about what they can lose.
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So they think in a happier mode, they feel more inspired to change.
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When people are focusing on prevention goals, They think about their "ought" self.
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what are they supposed to be What are people expecting from them?
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They consider their obligations to others.
31
As a result, they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could lose.
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Now that I have talked about the two focuses and how they affect people, I want to look at the idea that the way leaders behave,
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or their style of leading, can affect the focus that followers adopt in a specific situation.
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In talking about leadership, we often mention transformational leaders and transactional leaders.
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Transformational leaders, when interacting with their followers,
36
focus on their development In their words and actions, transformational leaders highlight change.
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Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision.
38
All of these things can encourage followers to think about what could be.
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In other words, they inspire a promotion focus in their followers.
40
In contrast, transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures that tell their followers exactly what is expected of them.
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While they do explain the rewards people will get for following orders,
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They emphasize more how a follower will be punished or that a follower won't get rewarded
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if his or her behavior doesn't change.
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In short, they emphasize the consequences of making a mistake.
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This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on avoiding punishment and problems.
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This is clearly a prevention focus.
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In conclusion, it is important to understand that one focus is not necessarily better than the other one.
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For a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed, a promotion focus is probably better.
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In contrast, a prevention focus, which causes people to work more cautiously and produce higher quality work
50
might be very appropriate for a job like a surgeon, for example.
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The main point of the research,
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though, is that the actions of leaders can greatly influence whether people approach a situation with more of a promotion focus,
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or more of a prevention focus.
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That is the end of section four.
55
You now have half a minute to check your answers.
56
Thank you.
57
Thank you.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 57 वाक्य और 700 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 7:32 लंबा है। वक्ता धीरे बोलता है, लगभग 93 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए हर ध्वनि की नकल करने का समय मिलता है। 82% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं; बाकी शब्द अभ्यास से पहले देख लेना अच्छा रहेगा।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

शब्दउच्चारणअर्थ
follower संज्ञा/ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/अनुयायी, अनुगामी
promotion संज्ञा/pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/पदोन्नति, तरक़्क़ी
prevention संज्ञा/pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/निवारण, रोकना
punishment संज्ञा/ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/सज़ा, दण्ड
reward संज्ञा/ɹɪˈwɔɹd/इनाम, पुरस्कार
necessarily क्रिया विशेषण/ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/अवश्य, अनिवार्यतः
anxiety संज्ञा/æŋˈzaɪ.əti/चिंता, परेशानी
encourage क्रिया/ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/प्रेरित करना
ideal विशेषण/aɪˈdi(ə)l/आदर्श, श्रेष्ठ
designer संज्ञा/dɪˈzaɪnɚ/डिज़ाइनर
conclusion संज्ञा/kənˈkluːʒən/अंतिम
introduce क्रिया/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/परिचय
achievement संज्ञा/əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/उपलब्धि
innovation संज्ञा/ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/नवाचार
motivation संज्ञा/ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/अभिप्रेरण, प्रेरणा

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचनावीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता हैare oriented · is connected · is expected
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी हैhas shown · have talked

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 3 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे doesn't, don't, won't। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

  • “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: promotion /pɹəˈmoʊʃn̩/, prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/
  • लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: regulatory /ˈɹɛɡ.jʊ.lə.t(ɔː.)ɹi/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, motivation /ˈmoʊ.tə.veɪ.ʃən/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

  1. पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
  2. सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
  3. अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर follower, promotion, prevention जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →