Shadowing Practice: What is AI governance? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Hello, my name is Kush Varshney.
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I'm a distinguished research scientist and senior manager at IBM Research.
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I'm here to answer three questions about AI governance.
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Governance is an interesting word.
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It means control.
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And if we think back in history, steam engines had this part called the governor and it regulated the flow of steam
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and it was there to make sure that the system remains safe.
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And when we say AI governance, it's the set of practices to keep an AI system under control so that it remains safe as well.
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So it includes things like respecting regulations, curating data, and creating fact sheets that explain how the system works.
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Some of the risks posed by generative AI and LLMs are actually the same as traditional machine learning.
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So things like fairness, transparency, robustness to attacks, they're all still concerns.
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But then there's some new ones as well.
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So new risks that are emerging with generative AI include things like toxicity, harmful behaviors, bullying, these sort of things.
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And then there's also hallucination.
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So where the model is putting out things which kind of sound like they would make sense, they're plausible, but they're actually factually incorrect.
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And we've created a taxonomy of common harms that can mitigate these behaviors with data curation, with fine tuning, prompt tuning, prompt engineering.
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So all of that is really the way to address them.
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But this is just a starting point.
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So if we start and think for a second,
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governments, enterprises, all sorts of other organizations will have additional constraints to build into their LLMs so that they follow applicable laws,
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industry standards, social norms, and so on.
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And understanding the models is also quite different
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because we no longer need to know exactly how the models make their decisions and predictions and predictions.
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This is what we used to call explainability, but now instead what we need to be able to do
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is trace an LLM's generative output to the user's prompt or to its training data.
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So source attribution is the new explainability.
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Safety guarantees with generative AI are very difficult because there's no one-size-fits-all approach.
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Every organization needs to define their own values, their own behaviors that they find acceptable and unacceptable.
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For example, once you know the context of your chatbot's deployment, you can start to reason through the relevant risks.
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This could involve taking existing policy documents like laws,
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corporate policies, or other rules and using them as instruction data to teach the model how to behave.
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And interventions must also be scalable because we're dealing with such large models and even larger data sets.
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And at IBM we're designing tools to address the unique threats posed by large language models and other content generating foundation models.
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We're also devising new methods to limit chatbots from leaking personal or proprietary data and hallucinating wrong or irrelevant information.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “What is AI governance?”. Las palabras que más se repiten: model, generative, prompt, behaviors, governance. Este vídeo tiene 34 frases y 485 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 3:18. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 147 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. Solo el 80 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
generative adjetivo/ˈd͡ʒɛnəɹətɪv/generativo
prompt verbo/pɹɑmpt/llevar a, concitar
governance sustantivo/ˈɡʌvəɹnəns/gobernanza
prediction sustantivo/pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/predicción
attribution sustantivo/ˌæ.tɹɪˈbju.ʃən/atribución
chatbot sustantivo/ˈtʃætbɑt/bot conversacional, chatbot
curate sustantivo/ˈkjʊɹɪt/vicario
curation sustantivo/kjəˈɹeɪʃən/recopilación
devise verbo/dɪˈvaɪz/concebir, inventar
factually adverbiofactualmente, fácticamente
hallucinate verbo/həˈl(j)uːsɪneɪt/alucinar
hallucination sustantivo/həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/alucinación, ilusión
scalable adjetivo/ˈskeɪ.lə.bl̩/escalable
taxonomy sustantivo/tækˈsɑnəmi/taxonomía
mitigate verbo/ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/mitigar

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

PalabraSignificado
put out verbosacar

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 9 contracciones y formas reducidas, como they're, we're, I'm. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, attribution /ˌæ.tɹɪˈbju.ʃən/, curation /kjəˈɹeɪʃən/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: generative /ˈd͡ʒɛnəɹətɪv/, attribution /ˌæ.tɹɪˈbju.ʃən/, hallucinate /həˈl(j)uːsɪneɪt/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, taxonomy /tækˈsɑnəmi/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

  • /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: generative /ˈd͡ʒɛnəɹətɪv/, governance /ˈɡʌvəɹnəns/, devise /dɪˈvaɪz/, irrelevant /ɪˈɹɛləvənt/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
  • /z/ — sonora, no /s/: devise /dɪˈvaɪz/, plausible /ˈplɑ.zɪ.bəl/
  • /dʒ/ — no es la “y” ni la “ch”: generative /ˈd͡ʒɛnəɹətɪv/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como generative, prompt, governance.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →