Pratique du Shadowing: What is API Gateway? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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What does an API Gateway do?
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Why do we need it?
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Let's take a look.
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An API Gateway is a single point of entry to the clients of an application.
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It sits between a client and a collection of backend services for the application.
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An API Gateway typically provides several important functions.
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Some common ones are authentication and security policy enforcement, load balancing and circuit breaking,
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protocol translation and service discovery, monitoring, logging, analytics and billing, and finally caching.
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Now let's examine a typical flow of a client request through the API gateway and onto the backend service.
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Step one, the client sends a request to the API gateway.
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The request is typically HTTP based.
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It could be REST, GraphQL, or some other higher level abstractions.
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Step 2.
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The API gateway validates the HTTP request.
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Step 3.
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The API gateway checks the caller's IP address and other HTTP headers against its allow list and deny list.
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It could also perform basic rate limit checks against attributes such as IP address and HTTP headers.
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For example, it could reject requests from an IP address exceeding a certain rate.
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Step 4.
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The API Gateway passes the request to an identity provider for authentication and authorization.
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This in itself is a complicated topic.
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The API Gateway receives an authenticated session back from the provider with the scope of what the request is allowed to do.
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Step 5.
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A high-level rate limit check is applied against the authenticated session.
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If it is over the limit, the request is rejected at this point.
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Step 6 and 7.
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With the help of a service discovery component, the API Gateway locates the appropriate backend service to handle the request by path matching.
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Step 8.
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The API Gateway transforms the request into the appropriate protocol and sends the transform request to the backend service.
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An example protocol could be gRPC.
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When the response comes back from the backend service, the API Gateway transforms the response back to the public-facing protocol and returns the to respond to the client.
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A proper API Gateway also provides other critical services.
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For example, an API Gateway should track errors and provide circuit breaking functionality to protect the services from overloading.
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An API Gateway should also provide logging, monitoring, and analytic services for operational observability.
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An API Gateway is a critical piece of the infrastructure.
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It should be deployed to multiple regions to improve availability.
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For many cloud provider offerings, the API Gateway is deployed across the world close to the clients.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « What is API Gateway? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : Api, gateway, request, step, client. Cette vidéo contient 41 phrases et 450 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:19. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 136 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 70 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| transform verbe | /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/ | transformer |
| authenticate verbe | /ɔˈθɛn.tɪ.keɪt/ | authentifier |
| authentication nom | /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/ | certification |
| header nom | /ˈhɛdɚ/ | en-tête |
| abstraction nom | /æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/ | abstraction |
| analytic adjectif | /ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/ | analytique |
| observability nom | observabilité | |
| overload verbe | /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/ | surcharger |
| validate verbe | /ˈvæl.ɪ.deɪt/ | valider, justifier |
| cache nom | /kæʃ/ | cache, mémoire cache |
| functionality nom | fonctionnalité | |
| authorization nom | /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | autorisation |
| newsletter nom | /ˈn(j)uzˌlɛtɚ/ | bulletin, lettre d'information |
| attribute nom | /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/ | attribut |
| analytics nom | /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪks/ | analytique |
Prononciation à surveiller
- Les sons « th »: authenticate /ɔˈθɛn.tɪ.keɪt/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, abstraction /æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/, cache /kæʃ/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: authenticate /ɔˈθɛn.tɪ.keɪt/, authentication /ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃn̩/, analytic /ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/, analytics /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪks/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: transform /tɹænsˈfɔɹm/, abstraction /æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/, authorization /ˌɔːθəɹaɪˈzeɪʃən/, attribute /ˈæt.ɹɪˌbjut/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme transform, authenticate, authentication.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.