Pratique du Shadowing: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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47 phrases
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What's the difference between process and thread?
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This is a common interview question.
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Let's take a look.
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To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.
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A program is an executable file.
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It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.
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When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.
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An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.
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These resources are managed by the operating system.
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Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,
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etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.
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Each process has its own memory address space.
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One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.
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This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.
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Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.
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When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.
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Now what is a thread?
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A thread is the unit of execution within a process.
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A process has at least one thread.
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It is called the main thread.
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It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.
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Each thread has its own stack.
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Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.
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It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.
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Threads within a process share a memory address space.
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It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.
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However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.
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How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?
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This is handled by context switching.
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During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.
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The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.
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It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.
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Contact switching is expensive.
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It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.
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Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.
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It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.
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There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,
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there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.
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Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.
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These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.
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In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.
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In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.
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It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.
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This concludes our discussion of process and threads.
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If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.
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Please subscribe if you learn something new.
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Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « FANG Interview Question ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : process, thread, memory, switching, program. Cette vidéo contient 47 phrases et 565 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:41. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 153 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| thread nom | /ˈθɹɛd/ | fil |
| execution nom | /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/ | exécution |
| stack nom | /stæk/ | pile |
| resource nom | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | ressource |
| mechanism nom | /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ | mécanisme |
| restore verbe | /ɹɪˈstoɹ/ | restaurer, rétablir |
| yield verbe | /jiːld/ | rapporter, retourner |
| resume verbe | /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/ | recommencer, reprendre |
| processor nom | /ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/ | processeur |
| pointer nom | /ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/ | aiguille |
| belong verbe | /bɪˈlɒŋ/ | avoir sa place |
| virtual adjectif | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | virtuel |
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | moins (de) |
| involve verbe | /ɪnˈvɑlv/ | impliquer, involver |
| communicate verbe | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | communiquer |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| break up verbe | rompre, couper |
| check out verbe | mater, regarder |
Prononciation à surveiller
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, restore /ɹɪˈstoɹ/, resume /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/, processor /ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme thread, execution, stack.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.