Практика Shadowing: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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47 предложений
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What's the difference between process and thread?
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This is a common interview question.
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Let's take a look.
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To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.
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A program is an executable file.
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It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.
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When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.
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An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.
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These resources are managed by the operating system.
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Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,
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etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.
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Each process has its own memory address space.
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One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.
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This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.
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Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.
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When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.
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Now what is a thread?
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A thread is the unit of execution within a process.
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A process has at least one thread.
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It is called the main thread.
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It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.
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Each thread has its own stack.
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Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.
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It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.
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Threads within a process share a memory address space.
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It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.
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However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.
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How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?
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This is handled by context switching.
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During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.
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The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.
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It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.
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Contact switching is expensive.
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It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.
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Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.
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It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.
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There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,
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there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.
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Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.
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These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.
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In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.
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In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.
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It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.
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This concludes our discussion of process and threads.
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If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.
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Please subscribe if you learn something new.
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Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «FANG Interview Question». Чаще всего повторяются слова: process, thread, memory, switching, program. В этом видео 47 предложений и 565 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 3:41. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 153 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 78% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| thread существительное | /ˈθɹɛd/ | нить, ни́тка |
| execution существительное | /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/ | исполне́ние, те́хника |
| stack существительное | /stæk/ | сто́пка, ки́па |
| resource существительное | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | ресу́рс, запа́с |
| mechanism существительное | /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ | механи́зм |
| restore глагол | /ɹɪˈstoɹ/ | восстана́вливать, восстанови́ть |
| yield глагол | /jiːld/ | дава́ть, приводи́ть к |
| resume глагол | /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/ | возобновля́ть, возобнови́ть |
| processor существительное | /ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/ | проце́ссор |
| pointer существительное | /ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/ | ука́зка |
| belong глагол | /bɪˈlɒŋ/ | быть «свои́м» |
| virtual прилагательное | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | сло́вно, бу́дто бы |
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | ме́ньше |
| involve глагол | /ɪnˈvɑlv/ | каса́ться, косну́ться |
| communicate глагол | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | сообща́ть, сообщи́ть |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| check out глагол | проверя́ть, прове́рить |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, yield /jiːld/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, tab /tæb/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как thread, execution, stack.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.