Shadowing Practice: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - Learn English Speaking with Video
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What's the difference between process and thread?
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This is a common interview question.
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Let's take a look.
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To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.
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A program is an executable file.
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It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.
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When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.
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An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.
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These resources are managed by the operating system.
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Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,
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etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.
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Each process has its own memory address space.
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One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.
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This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.
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Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.
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When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.
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Now what is a thread?
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A thread is the unit of execution within a process.
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A process has at least one thread.
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It is called the main thread.
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It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.
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Each thread has its own stack.
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Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.
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It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.
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Threads within a process share a memory address space.
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It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.
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However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.
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How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?
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This is handled by context switching.
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During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.
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The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.
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It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.
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Contact switching is expensive.
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It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.
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Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.
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It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.
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There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,
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there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.
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Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.
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These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.
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In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.
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In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.
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It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.
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This concludes our discussion of process and threads.
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If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.
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Please subscribe if you learn something new.
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Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “FANG Interview Question”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: process, thread, memory, switching, program. Deze video bevat 47 zinnen en 565 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 3:41. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 153 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. Slechts 78% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| thread zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈθɹɛd/ | draad, garen |
| execution zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/ | uitvoering |
| stack zelfstandig naamwoord | /stæk/ | stapel |
| resource zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | bron, hulpbron |
| mechanism zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ | mechanisme |
| restore werkwoord | /ɹɪˈstoɹ/ | restaureren, terugzetten |
| yield werkwoord | /jiːld/ | voortbrengen |
| resume werkwoord | /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/ | hervatten, voortzetten |
| processor zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/ | verwerker |
| belong werkwoord | /bɪˈlɒŋ/ | thuishoren, horen |
| virtual bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | virtueel |
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | minder |
| communicate werkwoord | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | meedelen, mededelen |
| trace zelfstandig naamwoord | /tɹeɪs/ | opsporen, nazoeken |
| corrupt bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /kəˈɹʌpt/ | corrupt, verdorven |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| check out werkwoord | onderzoeken |
Uitspraak om op te letten
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, yield /jiːld/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, tab /tæb/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: stack /stæk/, tab /tæb/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als thread, execution, stack.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.