쉐도잉 연습: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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What's the difference between process and thread?

This is a common interview question.

Let's take a look.

To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.

A program is an executable file.

It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.

When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.

An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.

These resources are managed by the operating system.

Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,

etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.

Each process has its own memory address space.

One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.

This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.

Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.

When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.

Now what is a thread?

A thread is the unit of execution within a process.

A process has at least one thread.

It is called the main thread.

It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.

Each thread has its own stack.

Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.

It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.

Threads within a process share a memory address space.

It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.

However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.

How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?

This is handled by context switching.

During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.

The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.

It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.

Contact switching is expensive.

It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.

Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.

It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.

There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,

there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.

Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.

These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.

In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.

In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.

It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.

This concludes our discussion of process and threads.

If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.

Please subscribe if you learn something new.

Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “FANG Interview Question”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: process, thread, memory, switching, program. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 47개와 단어 565개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 3:41입니다. 화자는 분당 약 153단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 78%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
thread 명사	/ˈθɹɛd/	실
execution 명사	/ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/	실행, 집행
stack 명사	/stæk/	무더기
resource 명사	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	자원
mechanism 명사	/ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/	기구, 메커니즘
restore 동사	/ɹɪˈstoɹ/	회복시키다, 재건하다
yield 동사	/jiːld/	생산하다
pointer 명사	/ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/	교편
belong 동사	/bɪˈlɒŋ/	속하다
virtual 형용사	/ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/	사실상의
trace 명사	/tɹeɪs/	흔적, 자국
isolation 명사	/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/	격리, 고립
subscribe 동사	/səbˈskɹaɪb/	구독하다
disk 명사	/dɪsk/	디스크, 원반
tab 명사	/tæb/	탭

주의할 발음

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/, fiber /ˈfaɪ.bɚ/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/, unaffected /ˌʌnəˈfɛktɪd/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, resume /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/, minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/, newsletter /ˈn(j)uzˌlɛtɚ/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, thread, execution, stack 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

주의할 발음

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법