Shadowing Practice: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - Learn English Speaking with Video

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What's the difference between process and thread?
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This is a common interview question.
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Let's take a look.
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To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.
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A program is an executable file.
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It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.
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When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.
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An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.
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These resources are managed by the operating system.
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Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,
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etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.
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Each process has its own memory address space.
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One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.
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This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.
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Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.
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When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.
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Now what is a thread?
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A thread is the unit of execution within a process.
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A process has at least one thread.
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It is called the main thread.
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It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.
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Each thread has its own stack.
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Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.
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It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.
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Threads within a process share a memory address space.
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It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.
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However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.
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How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?
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This is handled by context switching.
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During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.
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The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.
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It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.
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Contact switching is expensive.
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It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.
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Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.
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It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.
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There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,
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there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.
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Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.
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These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.
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In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.
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In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.
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It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.
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This concludes our discussion of process and threads.
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If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.
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Please subscribe if you learn something new.
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Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “FANG Interview Question”. Las palabras que más se repiten: process, thread, memory, switching, program. Este vídeo tiene 47 frases y 565 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 3:41. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 153 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. Solo el 78 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

PalabraPronunciaciónSignificado
thread sustantivo/ˈθɹɛd/hilo, bouclé (buclé)
execution sustantivo/ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/ejecución
stack sustantivo/stæk/pila, montón
resource sustantivo/ɹɪˈzɔːs/recurso
mechanism sustantivo/ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/mecanismo
restore verbo/ɹɪˈstoɹ/restablecer
yield verbo/jiːld/producir, dar
resume verbo/ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/reanudar, retomar
processor sustantivo/ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/procesador
pointer sustantivo/ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/puntero
belong verbo/bɪˈlɒŋ/pertenecer [with en or a]
virtual adjetivo/ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/virtual
fewer/ˈfjuː.ɚ/menos
involve verbo/ɪnˈvɑlv/involucrar
trace sustantivo/tɹeɪs/calcar

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

PalabraSignificado
break up verboseparar, cisionar
check out verboinvestigar, chequear

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

  • /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/
  • /z/ — sonora, no /s/: resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, resume /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/, minimize /ˈmɪn.ɪˌmaɪz/, newsletter /ˈn(j)uzˌlɛtɚ/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como thread, execution, stack.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →