シャドーイング練習: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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What's the difference between process and thread?

This is a common interview question.

Let's take a look.

To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.

A program is an executable file.

It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.

When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.

An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.

These resources are managed by the operating system.

Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,

etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.

Each process has its own memory address space.

One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.

This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.

Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.

When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.

Now what is a thread?

A thread is the unit of execution within a process.

A process has at least one thread.

It is called the main thread.

It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.

Each thread has its own stack.

Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.

It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.

Threads within a process share a memory address space.

It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.

However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.

How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?

This is handled by context switching.

During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.

The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.

It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.

Contact switching is expensive.

It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.

Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.

It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.

There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,

there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.

Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.

These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.

In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.

In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.

It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.

This concludes our discussion of process and threads.

If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.

Please subscribe if you learn something new.

Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「FANG Interview Question」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：process, thread, memory, switching, program。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が47文、単語が565語あります。音声の長さは3:41です。話す速さは1分あたり約153語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は78%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
thread 名詞	/ˈθɹɛd/	糸
execution 名詞	/ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/	実行, 執行
stack 名詞	/stæk/	塚
resource 名詞	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	資源, 資産
mechanism 名詞	/ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/	仕組み, 機構
restore 動詞	/ɹɪˈstoɹ/	立て直す, 再建する
yield 動詞	/jiːld/	もたらす
resume 動詞	/ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/	再開する
pointer 名詞	/ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/	指し棒
belong 動詞	/bɪˈlɒŋ/	所属する, 属する
virtual 形容詞	/ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/	事実上の
communicate 動詞	/kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/	伝える
trace 名詞	/tɹeɪs/	跡, 痕跡
instruction 名詞	/ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/	指示
complexity 名詞	/kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/	複雑さ

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
check out 動詞	試験する, 検査する

注意したい発音

「sh」と「zh」の音: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: virtual /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/, fiber /ˈfaɪ.bɚ/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/, unaffected /ˌʌnəˈfɛktɪd/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。thread, execution, stackなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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