Pratica di Shadowing: FANG Interview Question | Process vs Thread - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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What's the difference between process and thread?
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This is a common interview question.
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Let's take a look.
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To better answer this question, let's first understand what a program is.
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A program is an executable file.
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It contains the code or a set of processing instructions that is stored as a file on disk.
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When the code in the program is loaded into memory and executed by the processor, it becomes a process.
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An active process also includes the resources the program needs to run.
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These resources are managed by the operating system.
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Some examples are processor registers, program counters, stack pointers, memory pages assigned to the process for its heap and stack,
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etc. There is an important property of a process that is worth mentioning.
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Each process has its own memory address space.
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One process cannot corrupt the memory space of another process.
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This means that when one process malfunctions, other processes keep running.
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Chrome is famous for taking advantage of this process isolation by running each tab in its own process.
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When one tab misbehaves due to a bug or a malicious attack, other tabs are unaffected.
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Now what is a thread?
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A thread is the unit of execution within a process.
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A process has at least one thread.
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It is called the main thread.
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It is not uncommon for a process to have many threads.
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Each thread has its own stack.
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Earlier we mentioned registers, program counters, and stack pointers as being part of a process.
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It is more accurate to say that those things belong to a thread.
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Threads within a process share a memory address space.
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It is possible to communicate between threads using that shared memory space.
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However, one misbehaving thread could bring down the entire process.
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How does the operating system run a thread or process on a CPU?
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This is handled by context switching.
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During a context switch, one process is switched out of the CPU so another process can run.
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The operating system stores the states of the current running process, so the process can be restored and resume execution at a later point.
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It then restores the previously saved states of a different process and resumes execution for that process.
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Contact switching is expensive.
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It involves saving and loading of registers, switching out memory pages, and updating various kernel data structures.
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Switching execution between threads also requires context switching.
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It is generally faster to switch context between threads than between processes.
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There are fewer states to track, and more importantly, since threads share the same memory address space,
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there is no need to switch out virtual memory pages, which is one of the more expensive operations during a context switch.
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Contact switching is so costly, there are other mechanisms to try to minimize it, some examples of fibers and coroutines.
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These mechanisms trace complexity for even lower contact switching cost.
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In general, they are cooperatively scheduled, that is, they must yield control for others to run.
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In other words, the application itself handles task scheduling.
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It is the responsibility of the application to make sure a long -running task is broken up by yielding periodically.
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This concludes our discussion of process and threads.
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If you'd like to learn more about system design, check out our books and weekly newsletter.
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Please subscribe if you learn something new.
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Thank you so much and we'll see you next time.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “FANG Interview Question”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: process, thread, memory, switching, program. Questo video contiene 47 frasi e 565 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 3:41. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 153 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 78% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| thread sostantivo | /ˈθɹɛd/ | filo, refe |
| execution sostantivo | /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/ | esecuzione |
| stack sostantivo | /stæk/ | pila, bica |
| resource sostantivo | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | risorsa |
| mechanism sostantivo | /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/ | meccanismo |
| restore verbo | /ɹɪˈstoɹ/ | ristabilire, restaurare |
| yield verbo | /jiːld/ | restituire |
| resume verbo | /ˈɹɛz.ə.meɪ/ | riprendere, continuare |
| processor sostantivo | /ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/ | processore |
| pointer sostantivo | /ˈpɔɪn.təɹ/ | bacchetta |
| virtual aggettivo | /ˈvɜɹt͡ʃuəl/ | virtuale |
| fewer | /ˈfjuː.ɚ/ | meno |
| involve verbo | /ɪnˈvɑlv/ | coinvolgere |
| communicate verbo | /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ | comunicare, informare |
| trace sostantivo | /tɹeɪs/ | orma |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| break up verbo | spezzettare, tagliuzzare |
| check out verbo | investigare |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, isolation /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/, malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: execution /ˌɛk.sɪˈkjuː.ʃən/, mechanism /ˈmɛk.ə.nɪ.zəm/, communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: thread /ˈθɹɛd/, stack /stæk/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, yield /jiːld/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: stack /stæk/, tab /tæb/, malfunction /ˌmælˈfʌŋk.ʃən/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come thread, execution, stack.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.